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Integumentary system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Protection Temperature Regulation Excretion Synthesize Immunity Sensory Reception | Functions of skin |
| epidermis dermis hypodermis | 3 layers of Skin |
| Corneum Lucidum Granulosum Spinosum Basale | 5 layers of epidermis |
| Synthesize Vitamin D (function of skin) | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) helps store Ca & P, & prevent bone disease (Ricketts) From derivative of steroid cholesterol Liver converts D3 -> calcidiol -> calcitriol (kidney) |
| Epidermis | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Made up of keratincytes and melanocytes cells |
| Dermis | fibrous connective tissue |
| hypodermis (subcutaneous fascia) | adipose under skin anchor skin to muscle below shock absorber store fat insulation |
| Keratinized | change or become changed into a form containing keratin (a protein that helps form hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin) |
| Keratinocytes | products keratin growth starts in basale pushed up by new cells underneath Top layer dead (scale like) |
| Melanocytes | Produce melanin pigments (yellow/brown/ black) Melanin granules taken up by nearby keratincytes Shields DNA from UV radiation |
| Stratum Corneum layer of epidermis | Overcoat for body, protect abrasion, penetration, waterloss 20-30 cells thick, shingle like dead cells |
| Stratum Lucidum layer of epidermis | clear, flat, dead cells thick layer on palm of hands and soles of feet |
| Stratum Granulosum layer of epidermis | flatter cells, full of keratin; water resistant glycolipid fills space |
| Stratum Spinosum layer of epidermis | Thick bundles of pre-keratin, abundant melatin granules |
| Stratum Basale layer of epidermis | Single raw layer of stem cells (sometimes 2-3 cells thick) Receive nutrients from dermis rapid cell division |
| Dermis | Strong, flexible C.T Semifluid matrix with fibers leather "hide" of animals |
| Dermis | contain: nerve tissues, blood vessels, hair follicles, oil + sweat glands cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells |
| What the skin protects | Mechanical damage (bumps & cuts) Chemical damage (acids & bases) Thermal damage (heat/cold) Bacteria UV radiation (sun/environmental) Desiccation (drying out) |
| Dermis | inner, deeper layer of skin (true skin) Strong, stretchy Collagen (toughness and hydration) and elastic fibers (which goes down as we age) Vascularized Papillary and reticular regions |
| Papillary Region | upper dermal region uneven layers that indent the epidermis (ridges due to papillae) Special structures: Capillary loops, pain + touch receptors, and dermal papillae = finger prints) Friction on palms and soles increase fingerprints, enhance grip |
| Reticular layer | Lower skin layer Contains irregular connective tissue fibers Special structures: Blood vessels, sweat/oil glands, deep pressure receptors, phagocytes |
| Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Tissue) | Below dermis Adipose tissue that anchors the skin to underlying organs Shock absorber and insulator |
| Cutaneous Glands | Exocrine glands - release secretions to an outside surface Sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat) glands |
| Sebaceous (oil) glands | Least common Empty into a hair follicle or onto skin, produce sebum (mix of oil and cells) All over skin, except palms and soles Kills bacteria, keeps skin soft and moist and from having brittle hair |
| Sudoriferous Glands | palms, soles, armpit, forehead and neck, and genital area locations Coiled glands that release sweat to surface Inhibit bacteria growth (sweat is acidic, pH <7), controls temperature (evaporation) Most common (2.5 million) Eccrine and apocrine |
| Eccrine gland | Lie in dermis Secrete perspiration that is clear, thin and watery most common type of sweat gland |
| Apocrine gland | Secreted into hair follicals secrete yellow and thick perspiration (armpit and genital areas) Active during puberty Usually odorless; however bacteria on skin bread down/eat sweat which causes unpleasant odor limited in number |
| Hair | Flexible epithelial structure made of kerotin, produced by a hair follicle Outer surface of skin Root, shaft (dead structure), hair bulb, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle |
| Erector muscle | smooth muscle cells that attach and pull on hair cause goosebumps |
| Protection by hair | guarding against bumps, shielding eyes (eyelashes), foreign particles (nose hairs) |
| Insulation by hair | Maintain warmth in colder weather (more useful in animals than humans |
| Nails | Keratinized scale like modification of epidermis; transparent, mostly non-living Fingers and toes Free edge (hangs off nail), nail body, nail bed (base/under cuticle, lunula (white base) Help itch small objects or to scratch an object |
| Pacinian Corpuscles | vibrations and deep sensations |
| meissner corpuscles | indentations and slipping of objects |
| menkel complex | create understanding of structure and texture |
| ruffini corpuscles | stretch |
| c-fiber LTM | pleasant light tactile sensations |
| Hair follicle receptors | light touch |
| Thermo- | cold and hot temperature changes |
| Noci- | pain related to temperature (extreme and high), pressure, and chemicals when tissue damage |
| Blister | separation of epidermal and dermal layers |
| Blood vessels in dermis | maintain body temperature Cooling: Capillaries swell with heated blood 🡪 skin becomes red and warm 🡪 radiate heat Conserve heat: blood bypasses capillaries to skin |
| Bedsore Bedridden patients need to be turned regularly | if blood (O2) is restricted to cells 🡪 skin cells die & cause ulcers |
| Tattoos | deposit pigment within dermis |
| Carotene | Yellow-orange (from carrots) Accumulate in stratum corneum, hypodermis Carotene converts to Vitamin A in body Asians: yellowish skin = melanin + carotene |
| Hemoglobin | Pinkish hue Red blood cells in capillaries |
| Cyanosis | poorly oxygenated blood, blue color |
| Excessive sun exposure | leathery skin, rashes, skin cancer |
| Redness | blushing, fever, allergy, inflammation, hypertension (high BP) |
| Pale skin (pallor) | anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger |
| Jaundice (yellow cast) | liver disorder (bile pigments = bilirubin) |
| Bronzing | Addison’s disease, pituitary gland tumors |
| Bruises | blood clots under skin |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr
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