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Crystal Tanner
Physiology weeks 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Free radical is described as what | functional group temporarily unattached and highly reactive due to unpaired electrons |
| Three Carbohydrate types | Monosaccharides (simple sugars), Disaccharides (double sugars) and Polysaccharides (complex sugars) |
| Lipids are used for | energy, cell membrane structure, vitamins and fat pads |
| What are the building blocks of proteins? | amino acids |
| What happens in Prophase | chromosome condense and become visible, spindle fibers emerge, nuclear envelope breaks down and centrosomes move towards opposite poles |
| Passive diffusion gradient movement goes from... | High concentration to low, DOWN the gradient |
| Simple Diffusion is | small hydrophobic molecules like o2 and co2 can pass thru phospholipid layer |
| Osmosis is | movement of water through a semipermeable membrane |
| What is the gradient movement for osmosis | lower concentration to higher concentration. UP the gradient |
| Define Hypotonic | solution causes bursting or lyse of a cell |
| Define Hypertonic | cell loses water by osmosis and shrivels |
| Define isotonic | solution maintains cell structure and balance |
| What is Channel-mediated Passive transport | tunnels or membrane channels |
| what is an example of an active transport | sodium-potassium pump |
| What is Endocytosis | plasma membrane traps some extracellular material and brings it into cell |
| What is Exocystosis? | large molecules(proteins) leave cell by being enclosed in a vesicle by golgi apparatus, |
| describe cellular respiration | cells break down glucose into co2, and water, potential energy in bonds is released and converted into heat or ATP |
| What is mRNA | messenger RNA, the working copy of one protein coding gene |
| What is rRNA | attaches to mRNA and participates in translation |
| what is tRNA | carries a specific amino acid to a specific codon of mRNA at the ribosome during translation |
| Describe translation | tRNA brings specific amino acids encoded by each mRNA codon into place at the ribosome site, when in proper sequence they are bound by peptide bonds to form polypeptides |
| What is G1 phase and which phase of cell growth is it in? | Interphase, and its when protein synthesis happens which is the reading of the master code in the cells DNA |
| What happens in the S phase and which phase of cell growth is it in? | Interphase, the second part and its DNA replication |
| What is the G2 phase and what phase does it happen in? | The second growth phase of Interphase, cell grows and duplicates orgenells. |
| What are the four phases of Mitosis | Prophase, Metaphase, Ana phase and Telophase |
| Describe Prophase | Mitosis- chromosomes shorten and thicken and move to different poles. Nuclear membrane disappears |
| Describe Metaphase | Mitosis- chromosome align across equator |
| Describe Anaphase | Mitosis- Each centromere splits, dna uncoils, chromosomes move to opposite poles (pulled) |
| Describe Telophase | Mitosis- Reverse prophase, new chromosomes elongate, nuclear envelope forms and spindle fibers disappear. |
| What is Meiosis and what cells are involved | sex cell division , spermatogonia and oogonia |
| Describe meiosis one | number of chromosomes is halfed |
| Described Meiosis two | Chromatids split apart |
| What is the end result of meosis | zygote cell |
| What is an enzyme | a protein catalyst |
| What is Meiosis and what cells are involved | sex cell division , spermatogonia and oogonia |
| Describe meiosis one | number of chromosomes is halfed |
| Described Meiosis two | Chromatids split apart |
| What is the end result of meosis | zygote cell |
| What is an enzyme | a protein catalyst |
| What are the four principle types of tissues | Epithelium, connective, muscle and nervous |
| What does ECM stand for? | Extracellular matrix |
| Elastin is also known as | yellow fibers |
| collogan is also known as | white fibers |
| glycoproteins and proteoglycans do what for cells? | unite cells together andt o surroundings and allow for communication between ecm and cells |
| Types of epithelial membranes | cutaneous (skin) serous (line cavities and secrete lubricant) and mucous (respiratory, digestive, urinary) |
| List five top layers of epidermis (strata) | basal (bottom layer) spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum (top) |
| What is blood cell formation called? | hematopoiesis |
| What part of the bone produces blood cells? | red bone marrow or myeloid tissue |
| What is the endosteum | thin fibrous membrane lining medullary cavity and spaces of spongey bone |
| bone tissue is also known as | osseous tissue |
| what is an osteon? | cylinders in compact bone |
| what is a lacunae? | small spaces that contain tissue fluid holding bone cells |
| What is an osteoblasts job? | secrete and make osteoid |
| What is the job of an osteoclasts? | erode bone minerals using hydrochloric acid |
| what is an osteocyte? | mature nondividing osteoblast |
| hyaline cartilage is found where? | rib to sternum, trachea, bronchi, nose |
| fibrocartilage is found where? | pubicsymphysis, interverbal discs |
| the parathyroid gland does what when it comes to bones? | increase calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to breakdown bone and absorb calcium from urine |
| calcitonin helps regulate bones in what way? | stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts to lower calcium |
| What is a synapse? | space between joints |
| Fascicle is what | bundled muscle fibers |
| myofibril is what? | thick filaments made up of myocin molecules and thin filaments |
| where is the z disc? | connect adjacent sarcomeres? |
| when calcium is released in the sliding filament model, what happens? | troponin binds to actin shifting the tropomyosin |
| synarthrosis joins? | immovable, skull bones |
| amphiarthroses are? | slightly moveable, pubic symphysis |
| diarthrosis are? | freely movable (most joints) |
| gomphoses are fibrous and are found where? | root of tooth |
| synchondroses are what type of joint and are joined by what type of cartilage? | cartilaginous joint and hyaline cartilage |
| symphyses is what type of joint and are joined by what type of cartilage? | cartilaginous and fibrocartilage |
| Parts of a synovial joint | joint capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, joint cavity, menisci (articular disks), ligaments, and bursae |
| What is the largest, most complex and most injured joint? | knee joint |
| a myocyte is what? | a muscle cell |
| what does sarcoplasmic reticulum store? | calcium in its sacs for contraction |
| what allows electrical signals to travel along the sarcolemma? | T Tubules |
| What What do vesicles release at the end of a motor neuron fiber ? | Acetylcholine |
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