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PN Cert Ch.1
Precision Nutrition Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| metabolism | sum of the reactions that take place to build up and break down the body |
| homeostasis | the body's ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition |
| protein | large and complex molecule consisting of amino acids that are essential for living cells |
| pathogen | disease causing agent, usually bacteria, virus or fungi |
| enzyme | substance that helps catalyze chemical reactions |
| epithelial tissue | tissue composed of cellular layers that protect outer surfaces of the human body such as skin, muscosa and intestinal lining |
| connective tissue | supportive tissue such as ligaments, tendons and fascia formed from a fibrous matrix |
| muscle tissue | tissue consisting of bundles of cells that contract when stimulated |
| nervous tissue | tissue capable of conducting impulses that help to connect and communicate signals to other parts of the body |
| organelle | component of the cell that is responsible for a specific task |
| cytoplasm | fluid medium inside of the cell but outside of the nucleus that surrounds organelles |
| macronutrient | nutrient the body requires in large amounts |
| micronutrients | organic compound the body requires in very small amounts ie vitamins and minerals |
| potential energy | energy stored within a physical system |
| phytochemical | chemical substance obtained from plants that is biologically active but non-nutritive |
| co-factor | non-protein compound that interacts with another substance to facilitate a transformation |
| hormones | compound created by one cell that travels to and stimulates another cell |
| genetics | specific, inherited DNA of an organism which influences what they become |
| DNA | nucleic acid that contains instructions for heredity |
| nucleus | organelle where genetic material is housed |
| gene | a particular sequence in DNA/RNA that controls the expression of a protein and by extension influences the characteristics of an organism |
| genetic polymorphism | variation in the form of one or a sequence of genes |
| nutrigenomics | study of how genes respond to nutritional intake |
| diurnal | daily cycle of hormone release |
| insulin | protein hormone released from the pancreas necessary for the metabolism of nutrients |
| plasma membrane | liquid bilayer that is permeable to certain compounds that contains the cell |
| lipid | organic substance that is insoluble in water, provides structure, storage, and messenger functions in the body |
| cholesterol | lipid/sterol contained in the body's cells and fluids that act as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures |
| phospholipids | a type of lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group "head" and hydrophobic fatty acid "tail" that forms cell membranes |
| hydrophilic | a strong affinity to water |
| hydrophobic | lack of affinity for water |
| mitochondria | organelles that supply the cells energy/ATP |
| transcription | construction of mRNA from a DNA molecule |
| translation | forming a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mRNA |
| endoplamic reticulum | cytoplasmic membrane that translates proteins |
| golgi apparatus | cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins |
| ribosome | a complex rich in RNA and protein found in cells |
| glycoprotein | protein that contain carbohydrate group involved in membrane integrity |
| cisternae | flattened membrane disc of golgi apparatus |
| vesicles | fluid filled pouch or sac that can transport and store compounds |
| lysosome | organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes |
| peroxisome | cytoplasmic organelle with enzymes for production and break down of h2o2 |
| receptor-ligand binding complex | a complex formed between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity |
| signal transduction | conversion of one signal to another by a cell |
| second messenger | substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extracellular molecule |
| transport protein | protein that moves compounds across a membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | transport that requires a carrier molecule; occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible |
| active transport | movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy and enzymes |
| substrate | substance acted upon by an enzyme |
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