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Kathleen Guerra
Physiology Weeks 1-7
| DEFINE THE TERM "HOMEOSTASIS" | a self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions |
| WHAT MAKES A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK NEGATIVE? | A negative feedback loop is considered "negative" because the output of the system acts to counteract or reduce the initial change |
| DESCRIBE WHAT IS MEANT BY "THE BODY'S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT" | The internal environment is the environment in which cells are found and is thus defined as the fluid inside the body, but outside of cells. The fluid inside the cells in the body is the intracellular fluid, also called cytoplasm |
| SUMMARIZE THE CONCEPT OF A SET POINT | : the level or point at which a variable physiological state (as body temperature or weight) tends to stabilize. |
| LIST THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF EVERY FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM | : a sensor (or detector), a controller, an actuator, a process (or plant), and a reference signal (or desired output) |
| LIST FOUR (4) MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES | The four main groups of biologically important organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
| WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF TRIGLYCERIDES OR FAT? | Glycerol: A three-carbon molecule that acts as the backbone of a triglyceride. Fatty acids: These are long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms that attach to the glycerol molecule to form a triglyceride. |
| NAME THE TWO(2) IMPORTANT NUCLEIC ACIDS | DNA: Contains the genetic code for an organism, usually found in the nucleus of a cell. RNA: Transcribes the genetic code from DNA into proteins, and comes in different forms like mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, each with specific functions in protein synthesis. |
| EXPLAIN THE FOUR (4) LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE | primary structure secondary structure (local folding patterns like alpha helices and beta sheets), tertiary structure (the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain), and quaternary structure |
| WHAT IS A NEUCLEOTIDE? | the basic building block of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group |
| WHAT ARE THE THREE (3) CATABOLIC PATHWAYS THAT TOGETHER MAKE UP THE PROCESS OF GENERATING ATP FROM GLUCOSE? | glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation |
| DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF AN ENZYME. HOW DOES ITS STRUCTURE DETERMINE ITS FUNCTION? | made up of thousands of amino acids that are linked in a specific way to form different enzymes. The enzyme chains fold over to form unique shapes and it is these shapes that provide the enzyme with its characteristic chemical potential. |
| WHAT IS AN ALLOSTERIC EFFECTOR? GIVE EXAMPLES | a molecule that binds to a protein at a site distinct from the active site, causing a conformational change in the protein which subsequently alters its activity; EXAMPLE: Oxygen and Hemoglobin |
| WHICH EXTRACTS FORE ENERGY FOR CELL USE, THE AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC PATHWAY? | AE P is the primary pathway for extracting energy for cell use, as it produces significantly more ATP per glucose molecule compared to the AN P, which is only used when oxygen is limited; the AE P requires oxygen to function effectively. |
| BRIEFLY OUTLINE EACH OF THE MAJOR STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION | glycolysis (glucose breakdown in the cytoplasm), the Krebs cycle (occurring in the mitochondrial matrix), and the electron transport chain (on the inner mitochondrial membrane), |
| HOW DOES DNA ACT AS A "MASTER MOLECULE" OF A CELL? | it stores all the genetic information needed for an organism to develop, function, and reproduce |
| WHERE IN THE CELL DOES TRANSCRIPTION OCCUR? | the nucleus of a cell |
| WHAT ARE THE TWO (2) MAJOR PHASES OF THE CELL LIFE CYCLE? | mitosis and interphase; with mitosis occurring specifically during the mitotic phase |
| HOW DOES THE CYTOPLASM OF A CELL GROW? | through the process of protein synthesis |
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MITOTIC CELL DIVISION AND MEIOTIC CELL DIVISION? | Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell |
| NAME THE FOUR(4) BASIC TISSUE TYPES | connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue. |
| GIVE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE FOUR(4) BASIC TISSUE TYPES | Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues). Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body). |
| WHAT IS THE PRIMARY GERM LAYER? | A "primary germ layer" refers to one of the three foundational cell layers that develop during early embryonic development, known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
| WHAT IS THE ECM? WHAT IS IT MADE OF? | The extracellular matrix is a structural support network made up of diverse proteins, sugars and other components. |
| HOW DO ELASTIC FIBERS DIFFER FROM COLLAGENOUS FIBERS? | Elastin is approximately 1,000 times more flexible than collagen, and collagen has excellent tensile strength properties with a lesser degree of flexibility. |
| NAME THE TWO(2) MAJOR TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE FOUND IN THE SKELETAL SYSTEM | bone and cartilage |
| NAME THE TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF BONE TISSUE | compact bone tissue (also called hard or cortical bone) tissue and spongy bone tissue (also called cancellous or trabecular bone) |
| IDENTIFY THE MAIN STRUCTURES THAT FORM THE OSTEON | Osteoblasts are bone-forming cell, osteoclasts resorb or break down bone, and osteocytes are mature bone cells |
| NAME THE THREE(3) MAJOR TYPES OF BONE CELLS | osteoblasts (bone forming cells), osteocytes (mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue), and osteoclasts (cells that break down bone tissue) |
| NAME THE TWO(2) TYPES OF BONE MARROW | Red bone marrow: Produces blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Yellow bone marrow: Stores fat. |
| WHAT ARE THE FIVE(5) FUNCTIONS OF BONE? | supporting the body, protecting internal organs, facilitating movement, producing blood cells (hematopoiesis), and storing minerals like calcium. |
| DEFINE THE TERM JOINT OR ARTICULATION | the connection made between bones, ossicles, or other hard structures in the body which link an animal's skeletal system into a functional whole |
| IDENTIFY THE THE TWO(2) TYPES OF CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS AND GIVE ONE EXAMPLE OF EACH | The two types of cartilaginous joints are synchondrosis and symphysis; an example of a synchondrosis is the epiphyseal plate in growing bones, while the pubic symphysis is an example of a symphysis joint. |
| LIST THE SEVEN(7) STRUCTURES THAT CHARACTERIZE SYNOVIAL JOINTS | The seven structures that characterize synovial joints are: articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity, ligaments, tendons, and subchondral bone plate |
| NAME THE THREE(3) MAJOR CATEGORIES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS GROUPED ACCORDING TO AXIAL MOVEMENT | The three major categories of synovial joints grouped according to axial movement are: uniaxial joints (movement in one plane), biaxial joints (movement in two planes), and multiaxial joints (movement in all three planes) |
| WHAT ARE THE THREE(3) MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM? | supports the body. facilitates movement. protects internal organs |
| WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CALCIUM IONS IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION? | binding to troponin, which then shifts the position of tropomyosin on actin filaments, exposing myosin-binding sites and allowing for the interaction between actin and myosin, ultimately leading to muscle contraction; |
| WHERE DOES THE ENERGY STORED IN ATP COME FROM? | The energy stored in ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) comes from the breakdown of food molecules, primarily glucose |
| WHY IS THE TRIAD RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN T TUBULES AND THE SR IMPORTANT? | the close association with the sarcoplasmic reticulum is important in excitation-contraction coupling |
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Kguerra03
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