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Dezare Casas Week 7
chapter 4(1 of 12)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 4 major groups of organic substances | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and related molecules |
| 3 types of carbohydrates | Monosaccharides(simple sugars), Disaccharides (double sugars), Polysaccharides (complex sugars) |
| Most Important simple sugar | glucose |
| types of disaccharides | sucrose. maltose, lactose |
| main polysaccharide in the body and has an estimated mo-lecular weight of several million | Glycogen |
| water-insoluble organic biomolecule | lipid |
| are the most abundant lipids, and they function as the body’s most concentrated source of energy | triglycerides |
| are the most abundant lipids, and they function as the body’s most concentrated source of energy | glycerol and fatty acids |
| polyunsaturated fatty acids | have more than one double bond |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids | only one double carbon bond in their chain, |
| Phospholipids | lipid compounds similar to triglycerides, one of the three fatty acids attached to glycerol in a triglyceride is replaced in a phospholipid by another type of chemical structure containing phosphorus and nitrogen. |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water fearing |
| Steroids | a large and important class of lipids whose molecules have as their main feature the steroid nucleus |
| Cholesterol | steroid found in the plasma membrane sur-rounding every body cell |
| Prostaglandins | often called tissue hormones, are lipids com-posed of a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid that contains a 5-carbon ring |
| enzymes | functional proteins that bring molecules together or split them apart in chemical reactions |
| protein | have four elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen |
| The elements that make up a protein molecule are bonded together to form chemical units | amino acid |
| peptide bond | one that binds the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid. |
| hydrolysis | A decomposition reaction |
| levels of protein structure | primary, secondary, tertiary, Quaternary |
| primary structure | protein refers simply to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain. |
| secondary structure | which the chains are coiled or bent into pleated sheets |
| tertiary structure | the polypeptide chain is so twisted that its coils touch one another in many places, and “spot welds,” or interlocking connec-tions, occur. |
| quaternary structure | one that contains clusters of more than one polypeptide chain, all linked together into one gi-ant molecule |
| structural protein | found in tendons and ligaments are fibrous, or threadlike, insoluble, and very stable |
| functional proteins | such as enzymes, certain protein hormones, antibodies, albumin, and hemoglobin have native states that are globular (ball-shaped), are often soluble, and have chemically reac-tive regions |
| Survival of humans as a species—and survival of every other species—depends largely on two kinds of nucleic acid mole-cules | RNA and DNA |
| denosine triphosphate (ATP) | very important molecule composed of an adenine and ribose sugar (a combination called adenosine) to which are attached a string of three phosphate groups |
| high-energy bonds | when they are broken during catabolic chemical reactions, the energy released is used to form new compounds |
| ATP | often called energy currency of cells |
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dezarec
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