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Katie Pryor
SCI 221 Study Stack 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The relative consistency of the bodies internal environment. | Homeostasis. |
| Name the two types of feedback loops and one example of each. | Negative feedback loop-thermoregulation. Positive feedback loop-child birth. |
| The four basic components to each feedback control loop are: | 1. Sensor Mechanism. 2. Integrator/Control Center 3. Effector Mechanism 4. Feedback. |
| List the 3 levels of homeostatic control and where each of them is effective. | Intracellular Control-on a cellular level. Intrinsic Control-on a tissues/organ level. Extrinsic Control-outside the system/organisms level. |
| The ____ is the part of the brain in control of thermoregulation. | Hypothalamus. |
| The fourth major groups of organic substances required for human life. | Carbohydrates. Lipids. Protein. Nucleic acids (and related molecules) |
| Functions of lipids in the human body. | Energy. Structure. Vitamins. Protection. Insulation. Regulation. |
| List the level of protein structures. | Primary Secondary Tirtiary Quaternary |
| In DNA: Cytosine is to ____ as Adenine is to ____. | Guanine; Thymine |
| In RNA what base is not present and replaced with Uracil? | Thyamine. |
| Simple diffusion occurs ___ a concentration gradient. | Down |
| If a RBC was placed in a solution of Hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic solution what would occur to it? | Hypertonic: The cell would shrivel. Hypotonic: The cell would burst. Isotonic: No changes to the blood cell. |
| This means "Condition of the cell eating" | Phagocytosis. |
| What is the function of a catalyst in a reaction? | To reduce the amount of activation energy needed to start the reaction. |
| What tree pathways are chemically linked together to form cellular respiration? | Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport System. |
| List the 4 stages of Mitosis | Prophase. Metaphase. Anaphase. Telophase. |
| What type of cell division occurs only in primitive sex cells. | Meiosis. |
| Diploid refers to___. | A persons 46 chromosomes. |
| Haploid refers to ___. | 23 chromosomes found in a mature sex cell. |
| What are the four principal types of tissues | Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue |
| Five basic components of the Extracellular Matrix | Water Proteins Glycoproteins Proteoglycans Polysaccharides |
| What two types of cells have the greatest capacity to regenerate? | Epithelial Connective |
| What are the three types of epithelial membranes and list an example of each. | Cutaneous membrane-skin Serous membrane-pericardium Mucous membrane-male and female urethra |
| Goblet cells produce ____. | Mucous. |
| Five functions of bones. | Support Protection Movement Mineral storage Hematopoesis |
| Name the five different shapes of bones and give an example of each. | Long-Femur Short- Carpal Irregular-Vertebrae Flat-Skull Sesamoid-Patella |
| This area on long bones shrinks as children grow older and eventually becomes hard bone. | Epiphyseal plate |
| Name the 3 major types of bone cells and the function of each of them. | Osteoblast-creates bone matrix. Osteoclast- responsible for active erosion of bone minerals. Osteocyte-mature, nondivided osteoblasts that becomes surrounded by matrix and become one with the bone. |
| List the 2 main mechanisms of calcium homeostasis | Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin |
| The axial skeleton is made up of what sections of the body? | Head, spine, rib cage, and sacral area. |
| In the fetal skull that are called the ____ giving some flexibility for birth, but by the time they are adults they have become _____. | Fontanels Sutures |
| The largest and strongest bone in the face. | Mandible |
| The only bone in the body to not articulate with any others and where is it found. | Hyoid bone. Found in the neck. |
| The organization of the spine starting from the most superior | Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx |
| The appendicular skeleton is made up for what sections of the body? | Shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs and feet. |
| What bones come together to form the pelvic girdle? | Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis. |
| The _____ ______ is a very rigid area between the pubic portions of the coxal bone expect during _____, it will soften to allow for easier passage. | Pubic symphysis; Birth |
| The male pelvis is (appox )___ degrees where the female pelvis is (approx) ___ degrees. | Male: <90 Female: >90 |
| Bone deterioration begins at age ___ because ___. | 50; The remodeling of the bones occurs faster than it is rebuilt. |
| List the 3 functional classifications of fibrous joints and what each of them means. | Synarthrosis (Immovable) Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) Diarthrosis (freely movable) |
| List the structures of synovial joints. | Joint capsule. Synovial Membrane. Articular Cartilage. Joint Cavity. Menisci. Ligaments. Bursae. |
| Hinge and Pivot are an example of ___ joint movement. | Uniaxial. |
| Saddle and Condyloid are examples of ____ joint movement. | Biaxial |
| Ball and Socket and Gliding are examples of ___ joint movement. | Multiaxial. |
| List the 3 general functions of muscles | Movement. Heat Production. Posture. |
| ___ is a structure unique to muscles cells that allow for electrical impulses to travel deep into the cell. | T tubules. |
| This is the functional contractile unit of a muscle cell. | Sarcomere. |
| List the 4 different types of protein molecules that make up myofilaments. | Myosin, Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin. |
| When muscles contract the ___ filament slides along the ___ filament, causing the sarcomere to shorten during contraction. | thin; thick. |
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