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NF Chapter 1
Network Fundamentals Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Devices | The devices on the internet are also called hosts or end systems |
| Hosts | These are the devices that are connected to the internet, also known as end systems |
| Commnication Links | Made up of different types of physical media, including coaxial cable, copper wire, optical fiber, and radio spectrum. Have different transmission rates |
| Packet Switches | Forwards little chunks of data also known as packets |
| Packets | Packages of information sent through end systems (little chunks of data) |
| Transmission Rate | Different links transmit data at different rates. Bits/Second |
| Routers | Forward packets to their ultimate destination. A router table optimizes speed |
| Link Layer Switches | Receive and forward link layer frames (data in link layer). Typically used in access networks |
| Route or Path | Sequence of communication links (physical) and packet switches (packets, chunks of data) transversed by a packet from the sending end-system to the receiving one |
| How to remember how things move | Packets- The truck, Communication Links- The highways/roads, End systems- Buildings, Packet Switched- Intersections, Packet Path- Truck delivering Think of how packages get delivered to us and the protocols that they follow |
| Internet Service Providers (ISP's) | How end systems access the internet Each ISP is a network of packet switches and communication links |
| Internet | "Network of Networks" Interconnected ISP's |
| Upper-Tier | High speed routers connected (inner) with high-speed fiber optic links (faster) |
| Lower-Tier | Inner-connected through national and international upper tier ISP's |
| Protocols | This controls the sending and receiving of the information, format and order |
| Transmission Control Protocol | Internets principal protocol Operates at the transport layer level. Responsible for maintaining reliable, error free and ordered communication between applications |
| Internet Protocol | Specified the format of the packets that are sent and received among the routers and end systems (hosts/devices) |
| Internet Standards | Developed by the IETF. These are documents that help consistent and universal use of the internet based on protocols |
| Distributed Applications | Applications that involve multiple end systems that exchange data with each other |
| Application Programming Interface (API) | End systems attached to the internet provide an API which specifies how a program using one end system asks the internet infrastructure to deliver data to a program using a different end-system. A set of rules |
| Network Protocol | Entities exchanging messages are hardware or software components. All activity in the internet involving 2 or more communicating remote entities are governed by a protocol |
| Network Protocol Order/Establishing a connection | You make a request for a web page Computer sends connection request to web server and waits Web Server receives the request and returns a connection reply message Connection is established and computer sends web page name in get message. WS returns web |
| End Systems | These are also known as hosts, and these are the computers and mobile computers |
| Clients | These tend to be the desktops and mobile PC's and Phones |
| Servers | The more powerful machines that store and distribute web pages, stream video, relay email and so-on |
| Data Centers | This is where the servers that we receive search results, emails, web pages and videos reside |
| Access Networks | The network that physically connects an end system to the first router on a path from the end system to any other system |
| Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) | A residential access to the internet |
| Cable Internet Access | Makes use of the cable television companies existing cable tv infrastructure |
| Fiber to the Home (FTTH) | Provides an optical fiber path from the CO directly to the home |
| Physical Medium | This is where the bit for each transmitter-receiver pair is sent propagating electromagnetic waves or optical pulses are sent across |
| Guided Media | Waves are guided along a solid medium, such as a fiber-optic cable, a twisted pair copper wire or a coaxial wire |
| Unguided Media | The waves propagate in the atmosphere and in outer space, such as in a wireless LAN or a digital satellite channel |
| Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) | Commonly used for computer networks within a building, that is, for LAN's |
| Shared Medium | Coaxial cable can be used as a guided shared medium |
| Geostationary Satellites | These permanently remain in the same spot above earth. These are used in communication |
| Low Earth Orbiting Satellites | Close to earth and move around. Rotate around earth and communicate with ground stations |
| Packet Switching | A method used to transmit data over a network by dividing data into small packets and transmitting them independently |
| Messages | End systems exchange messages, this can be anything the application designer wants |
| Packet Switches | Where each packet travels through Two predominant types (routers and link-layer switches) |
| Store and Forward Transmission | The packet switch must receive the entire packet before it can begin to transmit the first bit of the packet |
| Output Buffer | Stores packets that the router is about to send into that link |
| Queuing delays | The delay that occurs while packets are waiting in the queue |
| Packet Loss | The arriving packets or one of the already queued packets are dropped and lost |
| Forwarding Table | Table that maps destination address to a router's outbound links |
| Circuit Switching | The resources needed along a path to provide communication are reserved for the duration of the communication |
| Circuit | A bona fide connection for which the switches on the path between the sender and receiver maintain connection state for the connection |
| End-to-End Connection | When two hosts want to communicate, the network establishes a dedicated connection between the two hosts |
| Frequency-Division Multiplexing | Frequencies are dedicated to each "channel" allowing multiple simultaneous channels per wire |
| Time-Division Multiplexing | Each channel gets a "time slot" during each "frame" of time but can use all frequencies during that time slot |
| Bandwidth | The width of the band otherwise known as the frequency |
| Silent Periods | This is when dedicated circuits are idle |
| Customer | The access ISP |
| Provider | The global transit ISP |
| Regional ISP | Where the access ISP's in the region are connected |
| Tier 1 ISP | Where the Regional ISP's are connected to. This is the top ISP level |
| POP | Simply a group of one or more routers in the providers network where customers ISPs can connect into the provider ISP's |
| Multi-Home | To connect two or more provider ISP's |
| Peer | Where they can directly connect their networks together so that all the traffic between them pass over the direct connection |
| Internet Exchange Point (IXP) | Where all of the Tier-1 ISP's(Global ISP's) can connect to each other |
| Content Provider Networks | An example of this would be google. They make their own ISP |
| Nodal Processing Delay | The time required to examine the packets header and determine where to direct the packet |
| Transmission Delay | The amount of time required to push all of the packet bits into the link |
| Propagation Delay | The amount of time required to propagate from the beginning of the link to router B |
| Traffic Intensity | Plays an important role in estimating the extent of the queuing delay La/R |
| Drop | With no place to store a packet it will drop |
| Loss | When a packet is dropped it becomes lost |
| Throughput | Rate at which bits are transferred between sender/receiver |
| Instantaneous Throughput | At any instant of time is the rate of which host B is receiving the file |
| Average Throughput | Rate over longer period of time |
| Layers | This is how the protocols are organized |
| Services | What a layer offers/can do for the layer above |
| Top-Down Approach | Covering the app layer and then going down |
| Application Layer | Where network apps and their app layer protocols reside Packets of information in this layer are |
| Messages | Packets of information for the application layer |
| Transport Layer | Transports application layer messages between app endpoints |
| Segment | Packets of information in the Transport Layer |
| Network Layer | Responsible for moving network-layer packets known as datagrams from one host to another |
| Datagrams | Packets of information for the Network layer |
| Link Layer | Routes a datagram through a series of routers between the source and the destination |
| Frames | Packets of information for the Link layer |
| Physical Layer | Bits on the wire |
| Encapsulation | Marks where a packet, or a unit of data begins or ends. This is where the header is added |
| Malware | Malicious stuff that can also enter and affect our devices, like a corruption |
| Botnet | A host is enrolled in a network of thousands of similarly compromised devices |
| Self-Replicating | Once it infects the host, it seeks another host from the original host all from the internet, and it keeps going |
| Viruses | Malware that required some form of user interaction |
| Worms | Malware that can self-replicate by passively receiving an object that gets itself executed |
| Denial-of-service | Renders a network, host or other pieces unusable by the users |
| Distributed Denial-of-Service | The attacker controls multiple sources and has each source blast traffic at target |
| Packet Sniffer | A passive receiver that records and intercepts a copy of every packet that flies by |
| IP Spoofing | The ability to inject packets into the internet with a false source address |
Created by:
BrooklenBlack
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