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Unit Test - 1
Kinesiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Planes -> Frontal (Coronal) | Vertical and extends from one side of the body to the other (left to right) |
| Planes -> Sagittal | Vertical and extends from front of body to back. |
| Planes -> Transverse | Horizontal and divides body into upper and lower segments |
| Axes -> Horizontal | Extends from one side of the body to the other. |
| Axes -> Longitudinal | Vertical, runs from head to toe. |
| Antero-Posterior | Extends from front of body to back. |
| Flexion | Bending a joint to reduce angle between two or more bones. |
| Extension | Straightening joint to increase angle. |
| Abduction | Mouvement away from median plan (occurs in frontal plane) |
| Adduction | Mouvement towards median plane. |
| Circomduction | Circular motion combining flexion, extention, abduction and adduction. |
| Internal Rotation | Moves a limb's anterior surface medially |
| External Rotation | Moves a limb's anterior surface laterally |
| Supination | Lateral rotation of hand and forearm so that palms face forwards (as in anatomical position) |
| Pronation | Medial rotation of hand and forearm, palm faces backward from anatomical position. |
| Protraction | Moving in an anterior (forward) direction |
| Retraction | Moving in a posterior (backward) direction |
| Dorsiflexion | Movement of ankle in the sagittal plane, decreases angle between foot and lower leg. Going from pointed foot to flexed foot |
| Plantor Flexion | Movement of ankle in sagittal plane, increase angle. Going from flexed foot to pointed foot. |
| Inversion | Medial border of foot is raised, sole of foot is turned inward. |
| Eversion | Lateral border of foot is raised, sole of foot is turned outward |
| Elevation | Raising up to a more superior position |
| Depression | Pulling down to a more inferior position |
| Superficial | On, or close to surface of the body |
| Deep | Further away from the surface of body |
| Opposition | Thumb comes into contact with another finger |
| Reposition | Thumb is returned to anatomical position |
| The Axial skeleton originates... | Most of body's muscles |
| The Axial skeleton is located... | Medially in comparison to appendicular skeleton |
| The Appendicular skeleton is located... | laterally in comparison to axial skeleton |
| Classification of Bones -> Long | Found in arms & legs |
| Classification of Bones -> Short | Most common in wrists & ankles (the tiny little bones) |
| Classification of Bones -> Flat | Flat, thin, protect vital organs from injury (ex. top of skull) |
| Classification of Bones -> Irregular | Include odd-looking bones like sphenoid bone or vertabrae |
| Classification of Bones -> Sesamoid | Unusual Bones - small, flat, wrapped within tendons that move over bony surfaces. |
| Open Fracture | Fracture where a piece of the broken bone pierces through the skin. |
| Closed Fracture | Fracture where bone is broken but doesn't come through the skin. |
| Incomplete Fractures | Bone cracks but doesn't seperate. Example; greenstick, hairline |
| Complete fractures | Bone snaps completely into 2+ pieces. Fracture that breaks all the way through. |
| Hairline Fracture | Often an incomplete fracture, like crack that doesn't break all the way through the bone. Usually the result of a relatively minor injury. |
| Greenstick fracture | An incomplete fracture, that's similar to the break of a younger tree branch. Only one side of the bon breaks causing the bone to bend. |
| Simple fracture | A complete fracture where the bone is broken into 2 fragements. This break can be transverse, oblique, spiral. |
| Traverse (Break) | Straight across the bone |
| Oblique (Break) | At an angle |
| Spiral (Break) | At an angle that's twisted |
| Comminuted fracture (or multifragmentary) | A complete fracture where the bone is broken into several fragments. Usually the result of a severe injury. |
| Stress Fracture | An overuse (chronic) injury as a result from many repeated small stresses on a bone. Because of repeated micro-trauma, the bone cannot absorb all of shock being put upon it and becomes weakened and if not given time to heal can become stress factor. |
| Compression Fracture | Closed fracture, occurs when 2+ bones are forced against each other. It commonly occurs to bones of the spine & may be caused by falling into a standing or sitting positio, or a result of advanced osteoporosis. |
| Avulsion fracture | Close fracture, where a piece of bone is broken off by a sudden forceful contraction of a muscle. Common in young atheletes. Can occur when muscles are not properly stretcehd before activity or be the result of injury. |
| Impacted Fracture | Similar to compression facture, yet it occurs within the same bone. Closed fracture, that occurs when pressure is applied to both ends of the bone, causing it to split into 2 fragements that jam into each other. Common in falls and car accidents |
| Pathologic fracture | Happens with minimal or no injury to an abnormal bone. Normally cause by an underlying weakness or problem with the bone itself, such as asteporosis or tumor. |
| Red Bone Marrow | Produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. |
| Yellow bone marrow | Produces fat, cartilage and bone. |
| Activation | Pro-osteoclasts are attached to the remodeling sites and fuse to form multinucleated osteoclasts |
| Resportion | Osteoclasts dig out a cavity, called a resorption pit, in a spongy bone or burrow a tunnel in compact bone. Calcium can be released into the blood for use in various body functions. Osteoclasts disappear. |
| Reversal | Mesenchymal stem cells, pre-cursors to osteoblasts, appear along the burrow or pit where they proliferate (increase in #) & differentiate (change) into pro-osteoblasts. |
| Fromation | Pro-osteoblasts mature into osteoblasts at the surface of the burrow or pit and release osteoid at the site, forming a new soft nonmineralized matrix. The new matrix is mineralized with calcium & phosporous. |
| Quiescence | Site, with restining lining cells, remains dormant until the next cycle. |
Created by:
kalijade
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