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A & P 1
Introduction and Anatomical Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the study of the structure of an organism |
| Physiology | the study of the functions of the body and its components |
| Thorax | chest region |
| Abdomen | represented externally as anterior abdominal wall |
| Trunk/Torso | combination of thorax and abdomen |
| Extremities | attached to the trunk |
| Upper Extremities | arm, forearm, wrist, hand |
| Lower Extremities | thigh, leg, ankle, foot |
| Anterior | toward the front of the body |
| Posterior | toward the back of the body |
| Ventral | away from the backbone |
| Dorsal | towards the backbone |
| Rostral/Cranial | toward the head (only to describe trunk) |
| Caudal | toward the tail. away from the head (only to describe trunk) |
| Superficial | closer to the surface |
| Deep | away from the surface, closer to the axis of the body |
| Supine | on the back |
| Prone | on the belly |
| Superior | toward the top, above |
| Inferior | toward the bottom, below |
| Medial | toward the axis or midline |
| Lateral | away from the axis or midline, towards the side |
| Proximal | toward the body |
| Distal | away from the midline |
| Ipsilateral | same side |
| Contralateral | opposite side |
| Unilateral | one side |
| Bilateral | two sides |
| Planes | describe which view of the body we are seeing |
| Coronal/Frontal | vertical cut that runs parallel to the forehead, cuts the body into front and back portions |
| Transverse | horizontal cut that divides body into upper and lower parts, cross-sectional |
| Sagittal | vertical cut that divides body into left and right portions, longitudinal |
| Cells | building blocks of life, vary by type of tissue ~100 trillion in the human body |
| Tissue | group of cellular material specialized to perform a specific function |
| Basic types of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
| Epithelial Tissue | tightly packed protective sheet of cells, lining for the surface of body and internal surfaces of cavities, most commonly skin and superficial layers of mucous membranes |
| Types of Epithelial Tissue | squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
| Squamous | appear flat, diffusion & filtration, alveolar ducts |
| Cuboidal | organized "cubes", packed more tightly together in tissues than squamous cells, specialized for secretion, salivary glands |
| Columnar | looks long and cylindrical, specialized for absorption and secretion, stomach lining |
| Connective tissue | supportive, connects/binds structures together supports the body or aids in body maintenance, |
| Areolar tissue | elastic, loose connective tissue, connective tissue specialized cartilage, forms "bed" for skin and mucous membranes, supports organs, between muscles, found in vocal folds |
| Adipose tissue | areolar tissue that is highly impregnated with fat cells, energy reserve |
| Lymphoid tissue | forms branching network to support lymphocytes, found in tonsils and adenoids |
| Tendons | abundance of closely packed fibers, non-elastic cords, connects muscle to bone, cartilage and other muscle |
| Ligaments | tough and fibrous connective tissue, connects bone to bone, cartilage to cartilage, bone to cartilage |
| Fascia | sheet like membrane surrounding organs and muscles, dense fibrous tissue |
| Blood | fluid connective tissue (plasma), blood cells suspended in matrix |
| Cartilage | firm and flexible, both compressive and tensile strength |
| Bone | rigid, begins as cartilaginous mass, calcifies to provide rigidity/compressive strength, protects organs, provides skeletal support |
| Joints | functional connections between bones or cartilages |
| Fibrous joints | immovable, ex: bones of skull |
| Cartilaginous joints | limited mobility, ex: disks of vertebral column |
| Synovial joint | free moving, ex: elbow, hips, arytenoids |
| Types of synovial joints | ball and socket joint, hinge joint, condylar joint |
| Muscle tissue | stimulated by nerves, vascular system supplies nutrients |
| Muscle tissue functions | contraction and relaxation |
| Origin | point of attachment of least mobile element |
| Insertion | point of attachment that moves as a result of muscle contraction |
| Agonist muscle | muscle that moves a structure, ex: bicep |
| Anatagonist muscle | muscle that opposes movement, ex: tricep |
| Synergist muscle | muscle used to stabilize structrure |
| Types of muscle | striated, smooth, cardiac |
| Striated muscle | skeletal muscle, voluntary movement |
| Smooth muscle | muscle of internal organs, involuntary movements |
| Cardiac muscle | combination of striated and smooth muscle, involuntary movement |
| Nervous tissue | highly specialized communicative tissue, consists of neurons, transmit information |
| Nervous tissues transmit information from | neuron to neuron, neuron to muscle (efferent/motor), sensory receptor to brain/spinal cord (afferent) |
| Body systems | groups of organs/structures that work together for a specific function, organs/structures can belong to more than one system |
| Muscular system | smooth, striated, and cardiac muscles |
| Skeletal system | bones, cartilage |
| Digestive system | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, intestine |
| Respiratory system | oral/nasal passageways, pharyngeal cavities, trachea, bronchial passageways, lungs |
| Nervous system | Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| Circulatory system | arteries and veins |
| Systems for speech | respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, resonatory, nervous |
Created by:
mostella
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