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A & P 1 Lecture
Anatomy and Physiology 1 Chemical Bonding and Reactions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Electron Shell | a layer of electrons that encircle the nucleus at a distinct energy level |
| Valence Shell | The outermost shell in any atom which contains electrons |
| Valence shells are stabilized when they are closed identify how many electrons are needed in order for the first shell to closed? | 2 |
| Valence shells are stabilized when they are closed identify how many electrons are needed in order for the second shell to closed? | 8 |
| Valence shells are stabilized when they are closed identify how many electrons are needed in order for the third shell to closed? | 8 |
| Molecule | two or more atoms covalently bonded together |
| Ion | electrically charged particle with an overall negative or positive charge |
| Cation | positively charged particle |
| Anion | negatively charged particle |
| One important fact you should know about electrical charges | Opposites attract / Sames repel |
| How is an ion formed | when an atom donates an electron and another atom receives it |
| ionic bond | the attraction between two oppositely charged atoms |
| Covalent Bond | the attraction between two atoms resulting from sharing valence electrons which ends in the result of molecules |
| Polar Covalent Bond | Covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal sharing of valence electrons |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | Covalent bond that forms as a result of equal valence electron sharing |
| Hydrogen Bonds are individually ________ and __________. | Weak, transient |
| Hydrogen Bonds | attraction between hydrogen containing polar molecules (an intermolecular force) |
| Chemical Reaction | Processes in which chemical bonds are broken and/or formed as starting substances is/are converted into ending substances |
| Reactants | starting substnaces |
| Products | ending substances |
| decomposition reaction | a larger number of smaller product molecules are generated from a smaller number of larger reactant molecules |
| Synthesis Reaction | a smaller number of larger product molecules are generated from a larger number of smaller reactant molecules |
| Catabolic Reaction/ Catabolism | decomposition reaction |
| Anabolic Reaction/ anabolism | synthesis reactions occurring in cells |
| hydrolysis Reaction | decomposition reaction when cells consume Water |
| dehydration Reaction | when water is removed during the synthesis reaction |
| Exchange reaction | atoms or groups of atoms are swapped between molecules |
| Define Reversible in terms of chemical equilibrium | a chemical reaction is said to be reversible when the products of a reaction can be converted back into the original reactants |
| Chemical Equilibrium | when two reactions occur at the same rate |
| Redox Reaction | energy in the form of electrons is transferred from the substance that is oxidized to the substance that is reduced |
| Activation Energy | The "threshold" level of energy needed to break bonds in the reactants |
| Endergonic | chemical reactions that absorb more energy than they release |
| Exergonic | chemical reactions that release more energy than they absorb |
| Catalyst | a substance that increase the rate of chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change |
| Receptor | sensitive to change or detects the change in the variable |
| Control Center | sent a chemical signal by the receptor which then in turn sends a signal to the effector organ |
| Effector | affects the variable by sending a signal to alter said variable by some type of action |
| Negative Feedback | involves reversing the stimulus; the response should then be the opposite of the stimulus |
| Set-Point | the value about which a physiological variable in maintained homeostatically |
Created by:
BeckyTsagaris
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