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Sides 91-120
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Axonal transport | The transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body. |
| What determines how much neurotransmitter is released? | The frequency of action potentials |
| How does the strength of a stimulus affect release of neurotransmitters? | Weak stimuli cause less action potentials and release little neurotransmitter, while strong stimuli cause more action potentials and release more neurotransmitter |
| What is the difference between neurotransmitters and neuromodulators? | Both act at short distances, but neurotransmitters are fast acting while neuromodulators are slow acting |
| What distance do neurohormones act on? | Long distances (epinephrine) |
| Ionotropic receptors | Receptor channels that mediate rapid responses by altering ion flow across membranes |
| Metabotropic receptors | includes G protein-mediated receptor which mediate slower responses, and some open or close ion channels |
| Agonist | a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response |
| Antagonist | a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response |
| How many classes of neurocrines are there? | 7 |
| What are the two types of cholinergic receptors? | nicotinic and muscarinic |
| What role does calcium play in synaptic communication? | Entry of calcium triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents |
| What can happen to neurotransmitters once they enter the synaptic cleft? | They can be: 1. returned to axon terminals for reuse or transported into glial cells 2. enzymes inactivate neurotransmitters 3. neurotransmitters can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft |
| What do slow synaptic potentials involve? | G-protein-coupled receptors and second messengers; linked to growth and development of neurons and the mechanism underlying long-term memory |
| What affect on polarization do excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) have? | Depolarizing (less negative) |
| What affect on polarization do inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) have? | Hyperpolarizing (more negative) |
| Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
| What is a key element in potentiation? Part 1 | glutamate; binds to AMPA and NMDA receptors to bring in sodium and . calcium, respectively; |
| What is a key element in potentiation? Part 2 | calcium activates second messenger pathways whic h makes the post synaptic cell more sensitive to glutamate, along with releasing a paracrine that acts on the presynaptic cell to enhance glutamate release |
| Plasticity | The restructure of the brain networks in response to sensory input and experience |
| Affective behavior | Behaviors related to feeling and emotion |
| Cognitive behavior | behaviors that link to thinking |
| What structure secretes cerebrospinal fluid? | choroid plexus |
| What purposes does the CSF serve? | physical protection and chemical protection |
| How does the buoyancy of CSF affect the weight of the brain? | It reduces the weight nearly 30-fold, putting less pressure on the blood vessels and nerves attached to the CNS |
| How does CSF differ from plasma? | Concentration of potassium is lower in the CSF and the concentration of hydrogen is higher in the CSF |
| What does the CSF contain little to none of? | proteins and blood cells |
| What does the CSF do in terms of chemical protection? | Exchanges solutes with the interstitial fluid of the CNS and provides a route by which wastes can be removed |
| What reabsorbs CSF into the blood? | arachnoid villi |
| What makes up gray matter? | cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals; sensory and motor nuclei |
| What makes up white matter? | myelinated axons and axon bundles connecting CNS regions known as tracts |
Created by:
Snicolev
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