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Approaches
Block 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) are designed to: | - Provide an Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) descent from an en route environment to a point where a safe landing can be made - Guide aircraft through IFR conditions to a point where the runway environment can be seen |
| Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) | series of predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an aircraft under instrument flight conditions from the beginning of the initial approach to a landing or to a point from which a landing may be made visually. |
| IAP charts | provide the method to descend and land safely in low visibility conditions. |
| U.S. Criteria for Terminal Procedure Publications | reflect the criteria associated with the United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Approach Procedures (TERPs). |
| U.S. Military Criteria for Terminal Procedure Publications | established and published by the Department of Defense and are available to the public upon request. |
| 4 Segments of an Instrument Approach: | 1. Inital 2. Intermediate 3. Final 4. Missed |
| Initial Approach | The segment between the Initial Approach Fix (IAF) and the Intermediate Fix (IF) or the point where the aircraft is established on the intermediate course or final approach course. |
| Intermediate Approach | Between initial and Final Approach Fix (FAF) segments |
| Final Approach | The segment between the FAF Cand the runway, airport, or Missed Approach Point (MAP); Ends at a point from which a safe landing can be made or at the beginning of a missed approach procedure |
| Missed Approach | segment between the MAP or the point of arrival at Decision Altitude (DA) or Decision Height (DH) and the missed approach fix at the prescribed altitude; |
| Under which conditions may an aircraft execute an Instrument Approach Procedure? | Either Instrument or Visual |
| When is a missed approach established? | Established for every instrument approach |
| 3 primary categories of IAPs: | Precision Approaches (PAs), Approaches with Vertical Guidance (APVs), and Nonprecision Approaches (NPAs). |
| Instruments Landing System (ILS) Components (precision approach): | The ILS provides precision navigation guidance for exact alignment and descent of aircraft on approach to a runway. |
| Primary Components of ILS | • Localizer – Provides horizontal guidance along the extended centerline of the runway • Glideslope (GS) – Provides vertical (up/down) guidance toward the runway touchdown point • Marker Beacons – Provide range information along the approach path |
| If the localizer is out of service, | an ILS approach is not usable |
| Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Landing System (GLS) (precision approach) | The GLS provides precision navigation guidance for exact alignment and descent of aircraft on approach to a runway. It provides differential augmentation to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). |
| GLS precison approach are available at | select airports |
| RNAV (GPS) Approach | Uses GPS signals, often augmented by Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) and/or an approach certified Barometric Vertical Navigation (Baro-VNAV) system, for guidance. |
| RNAV (RNP) Approach | Requires on-board navigation performance monitoring and alerting capability to ensure that the aircraft stays within a specific containment area. |
| _________ approaches utilize WAAS and GPS signals. | RNAV |
| Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) Charts | an IAP chart is to portray the aeronautical data that is required to execute IAPs to airports. |
| IAP charts are commonly referred to as | “approach plates.” |
| Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA) | emergency altitude to be used within 25 nautical miles (NM) of the NAVAID upon which the approach is predicated; This ensures 1,000 feet of obstruction clearance but does not ensure NAVAID frequency reception. |
| Terminal Arrival Area (TAA) | -Replaces the MSA and provides minimum altitudes with standard obstacle clearance depending upon the direction from which the aircraft is arriving; Based on a 30-mile radius of the IAF |
| Basic T Design | ideally aligns the procedure with the runway centerline to include the Missed Approach Point (MAP) located at the threshold, the FAF 5 NM from the threshold, and the Intermediate Fix (IF) 5 NM from the FAF. |
| The Basic T usually incorporates | 2 IAFs located 3 to 6 NM on either side of the final IF/IAF and approximately 90° to the final approach course. |
| Decision Altitude (DA) | a specified altitude (MSL) on an instrument approach procedure at which the pilot must decide whether to continue the approach or initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot does not see the required visual references. |
| What are some types of information that can be found in the planview section of an IAP? | - Middle marker - Procedure turn - Transition routes - Inbound course |
| Minimum Decent Altitude (MDA) | lowest altitude, expressed in feet above MSL, to which descent is authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of an IAP where no electronic glideslope is provided. |
| Height of MDA above Touchdown zone (HAT) | The height of the Decision Height or MDA above the highest runway elevation in the touchdown zone (first 3,000 feet of the runway). HAT is published on instrument approach charts in conjunction with all straight-in minimums. |
| Height of MDA above airport (HAA) | The height of the MDA above the published airport elevation. This is published in conjunction with circling minimums. |
| What reported weather must be present at the intended airport for an IFR flight to conduct a visual approach? | - Visibility of 3 miles or greater - Ceiling at or above 1,000 feet |
| When is an aircraft following another arriving aircraft cleared for visual approach? | If the pilot reports traffic in sight, and instructed by ATC to follow |
| What must happen before a contact approach will be authorized? | - Pilot must request - Approach procedures must be published |
| Select the items that accurately describe a CVFP | - Usually begin within 20 NM of the airport - CVFPs depict prominent landmarks -Not an instrument approach and not have a missed approach |
| What type of approaches use WAAS and/or GBAS for course guidance? | RNAV |
| What type of aircraft are Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFPs) primarily designed to accommodate? | Turbojet |
| Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFPs) are established for? | environmental/noise considerations, and/or when necessary for the safety, and efficiency of air traffic operations. - Designed primarily for turbojet aircraft - Depict prominent landmarks, courses, and recommended altitudes for specific runways |
| What is a contact approach? | aircraft on an IFR flight plan, may deviate and proceed to the airport by visual reference, providing they: - Have an ATC authorization - Operate clear of clouds with at least 1 statute mile (SM) flight visibility - Have a reasonable expectation of con |
| Visual Approach | A visual approach authorizes a pilot to proceed visually and cleared of clouds to the airport while operating on an IFR flight plan. |
| Required conditions of a visual approach? | Pilot must see preceding aircraft or airport at all times; Must authorized and under correct ATC facility; weather must meet VFR minima |
| Required conditions of a contact approach? | Authorized: -Approach -Separation -Clearance -Alternate clearance if weather is impractical |
| In order to conduct a visual approach with traffic in the vicinity, the following conditions must exist: | -Radar Environment -Vectored for Approach -Following an aircraft |
| Where is the glideslope transmitter located? | ~ 1,000 feet from the approach end of the runway |
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