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Principles of Flight
Block 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bernoulli’s Principle | “the internal pressure of a fluid (liquid or gas) decreases at points where the speed of the fluid increases.” |
| What is the primary source of lift around the airfoil? | Pressure differential |
| Newton's Third Law of Motion | For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| The primary source of lift on an airfoil is created by a differential in _____. | Pressure |
| Relative Wind | the direction of the airflow produced by an object moving through the air. |
| How does relative wind flow? | flows in a direction parallel with and opposite to the direction of flight |
| What determines the direction of relative wind? | flight path |
| What is an airfoil? | shaped surface, such as an airplane wing, tail, or propeller blade, that produces lift and drag when moved through the air. |
| What are the the three principal airfoils that produce lift on an aircraft? | Wing, horizontal tail surfaces, and Propeller (lift produced in a forward direction) |
| What are the 3 parts of an airfoil? | Leading edge (front of wing) , trailing edge (end of wing) and chord line. |
| What is the angle of attack? | the angle at which relative wind meet airfoil |
| What is camber? | characteristic curve of its upper and lower surfaces of an airfoil |
| What is wing planform? | shape or form of a wing viewed from above |
| What is the curvature of the airfoil from the leading edge to the trailing edge? | camber |
| What are the 4 forces affecting flight? | Lift, Thrust, Weight, and Drag |
| Lift | Upward force created by an airfoil when it is moved through the air. |
| Weight | Downward force that tends to draw all bodies vertically toward the center of the Earth. |
| Drag | Rearward-acting force that resists the forward movement of the airplane through the air. |
| Thrust | Man-made force that pulls or pushes the aircraft through the air. |
| What is the interrelationship of weight and lift? | In a straight and level flight, lift counterbalance the aircraft weight |
| What is the interrelationship of thrust and drag? | In straight and level flight, thrust and drag are equal in magnitude if a constant airspeed is being maintained |
| What are the 3 key properties of the atmosphere that affect air density and aircraft performance? | Temperature, Altitude, Water vapor (humidity) |
| What is the standard surface temperature at sea level? | 15ºC / 59º Fahrenheit |
| What is a lapse rate? | A decrease of temperature with an increase in altitude |
| What is the standard lapse rate? | Approximately 2ºC (3.5º Fahrenheit) per thousand feet |
| Water vapor is ____ than air; consequently, moist air is___ than dry air | lighter, lighter |
| What is density? | the mass of air per unit volume |
| Increased density altitude, such as in mountainous and high terrain areas with warm and humid air, can greatly reduce aircraft performance, including: | - Longer takeoff roll - Longer landing roll - Slower climb rate - Reduced engine power output - Landing speed increased |
| An increase in altitude ____ atmospheric pressure and ___ density altitude, | decreases, increases |
| On a hot day, as compared to a cold day: | - Takeoff roll will be longer - Rate of climb will be slower - Landing speed will be faster - Engine power output will be decreased |
| On a humid day, as compared to a dry day: | - Takeoff roll will be longer - Rate of climb will be slower - Landing speed will be faster - Engine power output will be decreased |
| High elevation airfields with hot and humid conditions will have very poor aircraft performance. This leads to | - Length of runway needed for takeoff roll will be increased - Initial climb performance of an aircraft will be diminished - Length of runway needed for landing roll will be increased - Engine power output will be decreased |
| 3 key properties of the atmosphere that affect air density and aircraft performance are | Altitude, temperature and humidity |
| What is the result of the weight of the air above the measurement position? | pressure |
| What are some of the ways increased density altitude can reduce aircraft performance? | - Longer takeoff roll - Slower climb rate - Reduced engine power - Increased landing speed |
| How would temperature affect aircraft on a hot day? | - Longer takeoff roll - Faster landing speed - Slower rate of climb |
| How would increased humidity affect aircraft performance? | - Longer takeoff roll - Faster landing speed - Slower rate of climb |
| Rotational Axis for longitude? | Roll |
| Rotational Axis for Lateral? | Pitch |
| Rotational Axis for vertical? | Yaw |
| The ailerons rotate the aircraft around which axis? | the longitudinal axis/roll |
| The Elevator controls what? | Pitch/Lateral Axis |
| The Rudder controls what? | Yaw/Vertical Axis |
| The control yoke moves forward and backward to control the ____ | Elevator |
| Which two movements are controlled by the control yoke? | Roll and Pitch |
| What are secondary control surfaces? | Trim Tabs and Flaps |
| What is the purpose of trim tabs? | to lessen the manual pressure the pilot must apply to the control surfaces |
| Flaps are used to increase what? | Lift |
| The extension of flaps causes an increase in _____. | Drag |
| Helicopter lift is provided by what? | Rotorblades |
| What does the throttle regulate? | Revolutions per minutes (RPMs) |
| The collective controls what? | Pitch |
| The cyclic controls what? | Tilt |
| Helicopter controls include? | Throttle, Collective and Cyclic |
| What is autorotation? | State of flight where the main rotor system is being turned by the action of relative wind rather than engine power. |
| A stall occurs when? | when the airfoil (wing) exceeds the “critical angle of attack,” |
| What is the most common cause of light aircraft accidents? | Stalls |
| What are the 3 primary causes of stalls? | - Insufficient airspeed - Excessively violent flight maneuvers - Severe wind shear |
| What are the 3 types of icing? | - Structural icing - Pitot-static system icing - Carburetor icing |
| What happens when pitot tube icing occurs? | The airspeed indicator becomes unreliable |
| Structural icing changes the shape of ____ , causing added weight and decreased lift | airfoil |
| Carburetor icing reduces what? | the fuel/air flow to the engine. |
| Aircraft system failures may occur due to: | - Electrical failures - Mechanical failures - Hydraulic failure - Engine failure - Engine fire |
| Primary controls? | Elevator, Aileron and Rudder |
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