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SLP 215 Final
Development Across the Lifespan
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Communication | the process of sharing information (thoughts, feelings, ideas) between two or more people |
| Language | complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thoughts and communication |
| Speech | neuromuscular process of turning language into a sound signal |
| Lead-in | adult labels object outside of child’s attentional focus |
| Joint Attention | coordination of attention between a social partner and an object/event of interest |
| Reduplicated babbling | saying the same thing over and over repeating consonant |
| Variegated (non-reduplicated) babbling | consonants and vowels changing different ones |
| At what age should a child be relatively fully intelligible | 3-4 |
| True word emerges at what age | 12 months |
| At what age does intentional communication develop | 8-9 months |
| When are most phonological processes suppressed by | 3-5 year |
| Under Extension | use words to refer to only a subset of possible referents |
| Under Extension Example | birds only birds in flight |
| Over Extension | use of words in an overall general manner (overgeneralization) |
| Over Extension Example | doggie for dogs, cows, horses and all 4 legged animals |
| What are derivational morphemes? | prefix or suffix added to a word that changes the word’s semantic meaning and syntactic class |
| Decoding | sounding out words |
| Initial reading stage | 5-7 years old |
| Confirmation, fluency, and ungluing from print | 7-8 years old |
| Reading to learn the new | 9-14 years old |
| Multiple viewpoints | 14-18 years old |
| Construction and reconstruction | 18+ years old |
| Morphology | rules governing the internal organization of words |
| Phonology | rules governing the sounds that make syllables and words, and how those sounds are organized in words |
| Syntax | rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences |
| Semantics | rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations |
| Pragmatics | rules governing language use for social purposes |
| What discourse function is most prevalent in preschool stage? | Informative |
| When do toddlers begin to use morphemes? | 18-24 months |
| What is toddler's vocabulary size at age 18-24 months? | 50 words |
| What class of sounds emerges the earliest in typical development? | nasals |
| Do phonological awareness skills predict literacy skills? | yes |
| What is metalinguistic competence? | the ability to view language as an object of attention |
| Metalinguistic Competence Examples | figurative language and phonemic awareness |
| What are normal changes in the brain with aging? | decrease in brain volume, neuronal death, reduction in synaptic density |
| What happens to working memory as a normal part of aging? | declines |
| What system is syntactic complexity seen in aging? | respiratory system |
| What happens normally to the respiratory system? | decreased elasticity of lung tissue, decreased activity of cilia, diminished cough reflex, diaphragm weakens |
| Declarative memory | conscious recollection of facts and events |
| Nondeclarative memory | outside a person’s awareness |
| What disease is narrowing of arteries? | coronary artery disease |
| What disease is inflammation of joints? | arthritis |
| What disease is the decrease of bone density due to lack of calcium? | osteoporosis |
| What disease is the loss of peripheral vision? | glaucoma |
| Ischemic stroke | blockage of blood vessels, damage caused by lack of blood supply |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | blood vessels burst, damage caused by bleeding into the brain |
| Presbyopia | muscles unable to focus eye (difficulty focusing on near things) |
| Miosis | pupil becomes smaller (less dilation of pupil, limits light admitted into eye) |
| Macular degeneration | loss of central vision |
| Visual acuity is a gradual _ | decrease |
| What system is visual acuity? | sensory-perceptual system |
| Name some influences on communication in the aging population | geographical transition, social transition, transition to lower income, chronic/multiple health problems, physical restrictions |
| Changes and effects of the respiratory system with aging | breathing requires greater energy expenditure (stiff structures, reduced muscle strength), fewer syllables per breath, higher and larger lung volume during initiation for speech (compensate for reduced alveola), |
| Changes and effects of the phonatory system with aging | loss of vocal fold mass (vf atrophy), ossification of the laryngeal cartilages, weakness in laryngeal muscles, these changes cause thinning and bowing of the vfs; tremor, hoarseness, voice breaks, breathiness, reduced loudness |
| Changes and effects of the articulatory system with aging | loss of dentition, lingual sensation, decreased proprioception of oral cavity, decreased neuromuscular control, difficulty with phoneme execution, slower speech rate (slower articulatory movement, longer pauses between words, phonemes last longer) |
| Common cause of dementia | Alzheimer's |
| What type of memory declines with age? | declarative memory |
| What type of memory stays unchanged with age? | nondeclarative memory |
| True or False: Working memory decline in aging is a pathological change | false, it is normal for it to change |
| Cognition decline occurs in all except for what area? processing speech, divided attention, sustained attention, working memory | sustained attention |
| Loss of central vision is called | macular degeneration |
| Leading cause of death in elderly is | pneumonia |
| _ bilingual language learners acquire two languages from birth | simultaneous |
| What is the difference between fast mapping and slow mapping? | fast mapping happens when the person hears a word on a single occasion. slow mapping occurs when that vocabulary word’s meaning is extended by more experiences, knowledge of the world. |
| Slower speech rate, difficulty in phoneme execution are both the result of | normal changes in the articulatory system as a result of aging |
| What are the speech subsystems? | respiratory, phonatory, articulatory |
| Sequential language learning includes what behaviors | language loss, interference/transfer, code switching, silent period |
| By what age is children's MLU about the same as adults? | 6 |
| What is the component of language that allows 3 year olds to produce subject+verb+object? | syntax |
| Rules governing the internal organization of words | morphology |
| Phonological development and knowledge is developed by what age to generally fully intelligible | 3-4 |
| Nonfluent aphasia is associated with damage to _ area | broca's |
| What system does visual acuity affect? | sensory-perceptual |
| The vocabulary spurt describes what component of language | semantics |
| What is the class of sounds that emerges the earliest | nasals |
Created by:
mostella
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