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Microbiology-3
chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A virus consists of | Capsid ( protein coated head where nucleic acids are contained); lipid rich envelope( in some viruses) |
| Virus envelope is made from | either borrowed from host of made from host cytoplasm |
| A virus can contain in their Capsid either | DNA or RNA ( NEVER BOTH) |
| Virus gets energy from | ATP made by the host, THEY do NOT metabolize their own organic nutrients |
| mature virus outside of host cell | virion |
| Virus are NOT seperated by their external environment by | cell wall's or membranes like living organisms have |
| virus attach to ________ on host membrane cell | chemical receptor called a glycoprotein |
| Viruses that infect cells are engulfed via | endocytic process |
| Lytic cycle | virus injects its NA in to the host cell and takes over its reproductive machinery , making new viruses. Then it ruptures and all the new viruses are released into the host |
| Period from infection to lysis= | latent period |
| A virus following the lytic cycle= | virulent virus |
| In a lysogenic cycle= | the viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome ; or the viral RNA uses reverse transciptase to make viral DNA |
| virus in lysogenic cycle= | temperate virus |
| Dormant or Latent virus ( not virulent viral DNA in Host DNA) in a lysogenic cycle in a bacteria host | prophage, provirus |
| what activates a dormant or latent viral DNA | carcinogens or UV light |
| Unenveloped plus- strand RNA is responsible for | the common cold |
| NOT ALL animal viruses are | enveloped |
| ENveloped plus- strand RNA is responsible for | retrovirus (aids) |
| Minus strand RNA is responsible for | measles, rabies and the flu |
| Minus strand RNA is the complement to mRNA and must be transcribed to __________ before being translated | plus strand RNA |
| RNA viruses are ____ stranded | double |
| DNA viruses are ______ stranded | double and single |
| Viroids | small rings of naked RNA that ONLY infect plants |
| Prions | naked proteins that infect ANIMALS; and can reproduce with or without DNA or RNA |
| Vaccine | injection of antibodies OR injection of nonpathogenic virus with the same capsid or envelope |
| Bacteriophage (virus that infect bacteria) | tail, tail fibers, base plate |
| 2 Domains of prokaryotes: | Archae( salty lakes and boiling hot springs) & bacteria |
| Which domain of prokaryote has similiarities close to eukaryotes? | Archae |
| prokaryotes | DO not have a membrane bound nucleus |
| Which kingdom contains all prokaryotes? | Monera |
| Autotrouphs use _____ and Heterotrauphs use _____ as a carbon source | CO2; organic matter |
| Phototrauphs use _____ and CHemotrauphs use ____ as a energy source | light; oxidation of organic or inorganic matter |
| Nitrogen fixation | N2 is converted into ammonia |
| Nitrification | 2 step process that turns ammonia into nitrates |
| Difference btwn Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes= no nucleus ;; Eukaryotes= atleast one nucleus |
| Instead of a nucleus prokaryote have | circular double stranded DNA |
| nuceloid ( NOT enclosed in a membrane) in prokaryotes | contains RNA, DNA, proteins |
| rigid helix bacteria | spirilla |
| non- rigid helix bacteria | spirochetes |
| Prokaryotes have | simple organelles that are not membrane bound like...mesosome, nuceloid, ribosomes, special ETC, Plasma membrane, DOESNT have histones though |
| Prokaryotes have DNA or RNA? | RNA |
| How are Eu membranes diff than Pro membranes? | Prokaryotic membranes DO NOT contain steroids (cholesterol) |
| How are Eu membranes and Pro membranes similiar? | phospholipid membranes ( 1 phosphate+ glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acids) & glycolipids |
| When phopholipids aggregate they make a | micelle |
| the cytosol of nearly all prokaryotes has a phospholipid bilayer called a | plasma membrane |
| inner and outer layers of a membrane are called | leaflets |
| WHat holds the membrane together? | intermoleculat forces, so membrane is fluid and can move LATERALLY ONLY |
| Eukaryotic membrane has reduced fluididty because of | cholersterol ( hoponoids) |
| Brownian motion | molecules bumping into eachother in a membrane |
| semipermeable | slows down diffusion but DOES not stop it |
| polar of charged molecules pass through the membrane by | leakage channels (incidental proteins) |
| passive diffusion across a membrane depends on ? | lipid solubility ( are u non polar enough to slide through?) and size ( are you small enough to go through cracks inbetween integral proteins) |
| If ur big and polar and want to go through the membrane then do.. | facilliated diffusion ( helper protein to open up space for u to go through) |
| Active transport= | go against conc. grdient ( size and polarity dont matter here) |
| bacterial plasma membrane = surrounded by | bacterial envelope |
| Gram + bacteria | thick peptidoglycan cell walls; stain purple |
| Gram - bacteria | thin peptidoglycan cell wall; stain pink |
| most bacteria have a ____ cytosol | HYPERtonic ( inside(cytosol) has more particles than outside) |
| HYPOtonic | inside (cytosol) cell has less particles than outside |
| hydrostatic pressure= osmotic pressure | filling stops |
| Flagella | long, hollow, rigid, helical cylinders made from globular protein ( flagellin) |
| Bacteria DO or DO NOT do sexual reproduction ( meiosis/ mitosis) | DO NOT |
| Bacteria reproduce by asexually | conjugation, transduction, transformation / binary fission |
| F plasmid can be in the form of a | episome ( plasmid that gets integrated into the chromosome) |
| CONJUGATION | one bacteria has a plasmid (genes that code for sex pilus) , and F plasmid/factor |
| Transformation ( may occur in lab or lyses) | process by which bacteria incorporate DNA from their external environment into their genome |
| when a phage transfers bacterial DNA from one host to another | transduction |
| Endospores come from gram ____ bacteria, and can be dormant for years | positive |
| Example of transformation:: | one sensitive bacteria and one resistant bacteria are in a lab and through transformation the sensitive bacteria can get the resistant gene |
| rodshaped | bacillus |
| spherical | cocci |
| Plants and Fungi are divided into ___ and not phyla | divisions |
| 3 divisions of fungi | Ascomycota, Basidiomycota( mushroom), Zygomycota |
| oomycota (slime molds & water molds) | Are not true fungi and are in kingdom Protista |
| Fungi are | Eukaryotic heterotrophs ( get food from absorbtion and not ingestion) |
| Fungi are _____ | saprophytic |
| Fungi cell walls= | septa |
| septa is made from polysachairde= | chitin( more resistant to microbial attack than cellulose) |
| exoskeleton of arthropods are made from | chitin |
| arthropods are | insects and crustaceans |
| All fungi are multicellular except | yeast (unicellular) |
| fungi that possess no cell walls except in sexual structures | zygomycota |
| Fungal cells contain how many nuclei? | one or more |
| Fungi lack____ | centrioles |
| Mitosis in fungus takes place entirely in | nucleus and nuclear ENVELOPE never breaks down |
| In fungi's growth stage, the tangled mass is called | myecilium |
| myecelium has thread like branches called | hyphae (haplid) |
| fungi's predominate stage, especially during growth, is | haploid |
| asexual reproduction in fungi | hyphae's sporangium makes haploid spores; budding (cell fission) occurs, hyphae lengthens through mitosis |
| sexual reproduction | hyphae from to diff mycelium do congugation (+ and -); diploid state; meiosis occurs |
| fungi have both ____ and ___ characterisitics | plant like and animal like |
| yeast are faculative | anaerobes |
| Glucagon ____ BL glucose | raises |
| Insulin ____ BL glucose | lowers |
| Thyroxin _____ BMR | Increases |
| Cortisol ____ BL glucose | raises |
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine _____ BL glucose | raise |
| cori cycle | in liver, converts lactate to glucose |
| _____makes the cell more permeable to glucose | Insulin |
| Extracellular buffer:: | HCO3- ~~~> H2CO3-2 |
| Intracellular buffer:: | H2PO4- ~~~> HPO4-2 |
| optically inactive AA = | glycine |
| Mendel's 2 laws:: | 1. Law of Independent Assortment and 2. Law of Segregation |
| allopathic | speciation due to geographical isolation |
Created by:
zrsoori
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