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Miranda
physiology week 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron’s membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): | potassium |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | phenelzine |
| During a relative refractory period: | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus |
| The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the | sodium-potassium pump. |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse that is how much faster than the slowest fibers in the body? | Almost 300 times faster |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? | Nitric oxide, acetylcholine, and carbon monoxide |
| In depolarization the membrane potential moves toward zero, whereas in hyperpolarization the membrane potential moves away from zero. | true |
| A neurologist is using a voltmeter to measure potential. The membrane potential of a neuron was recorded at +30 mV. This is what type of membrane potential? | action |
| The limbic system integrates | emotion |
| A reflex consists of either a muscle contraction or a | glandular secretion |
| Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they | continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors |
| Parasympathetic stimulation has no effect on any of the following areas except: | sweat glands |
| Blood vessels in both digestive organs and skeletal muscles are dilated by sympathetic stimulation. | true |
| The knee jerk can be classified as a segmental reflex because: | impulses that mediate it enter and leave the same segment of the cord. |
| Which of the following is a description of the principle of autonomic antagonism as it relates to the autonomic nervous system? | If sympathetic impulses tend to stimulate an effector, parasympathetic impulses tend to inhibit it. |
| Based on the animation, where do frequencies—from high to low pitches—cause activity in the hair cells within the cochlear duct? | the apex of the cochlea; between the base and the apex of the cochle |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA |
| The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including: | touch, temperature, and pain |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis |
| The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is | hemoglobin |
| A disease that develops as a result of the reaction of a mother’s Rh antibodies with her Rh-positive baby is | erythroblastosis fetalis. |
| Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called | valves |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node |
| The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called | semilunar valves |
| Blood flow from the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body and back to the heart is referred to as _____ circulation. | systemic |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation. |
| The chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies are particularly sensitive to: | hypercapnia |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cell |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigen’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule’s antigen-binding site. |
| memory cells | become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells. |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration is called _____ volume. | tidal |
| The mechanism that produces pulmonary ventilation is one that establishes a gas pressure gradient between the | atmosphere and the alveolar air. |
| More than two-thirds of the carbon dioxide carried by blood is carried in the form of | bicarbonate ions. |
| Which term refers to the volume of inspired air that actually reaches, or “ventilates,” the alveoli? | alveolar ventilation |
| The amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood each minute depends on which factor? | oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood; total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane; reparatory minute volume, alveolar ventilation |
| An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes | drop in pH in the blood |
| The exact amount of oxygen in blood depends mainly on the amount of | hemoglobin |
| Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract: | help move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume? | Residual volume and vital capacity |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150 |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760 |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| The function of surfactant is to: | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration. |
| Which of the following would you expect to happen to cellular respiration during exercise? | Increased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a rise in plasma PCO2, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause an increase in respiration rate. |
| External respiration can be defined as: | the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung. Pulmonary ventilation |
| _____ is the passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph. | absorption |
| The final step in lipid transport by the intestines is the formation of | chylomicrons |
| What percentage of this blood flow comes from the hepatic portal system? | 80% |
| Chemical digestion requires the secretion of _____ into the lumen of the GI tract | digestive enzymes and bile |
| CCK is an intestinal hormone that | causes the pancreas to increase secretion of exocrine high in enzymatic content. opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells. stimulates contraction of the gallbladder so that bile can pass into the duodenum. |
| Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid, which is produced by the _____ of the gastric glands. | parietal cells |
| Which of the following is not a function of the liver? | secretion of insulin |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport |
| Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver? | portal vein |
| Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is(are) stimulated by the sight, taste, and smell of food? | cephalic phase |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: | monosaccharide. |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | deglutition |
| The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is: | cholecystokinin |
| The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are: | glycerol and fatty acids |
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mirandat90
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