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Physiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis can best be described as: | a state of relative constancy |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | accelerate a change |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | Environment, stress, lifestyle |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | Occurance, distribution, transmission |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | hypothalumus |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | the course of disease development |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | Tapeworms |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: | minimize changes in blood glucose levels. maintain homeostasis. are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature. |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | Autoimmunity |
| Intrinsic control: | is sometimes called autoregulation. |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback. | Positive |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | the body trying to maintain homeostasis, a negative feedback loop |
| The amino group in an amino acid is: | NH3 |
| Which of the following is not true of carbohydrates? | All are true |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body. | glycogen |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | LDL |
| All of the following substances are organic except: | electrolytes |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | steroids |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | steroids |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | structural and functional |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | peptide bonds |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | fatty acids and glycerol |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | essential amino acids |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is: | nitrogen |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? | Both have a ring structure in their molecule. |
| Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body? | salts |
| The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure? | secondary |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the: | bones |
| Which type of connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temperature by producing heat? | brown fat |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | mesenchyme |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue? | Important in communication and control |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum: | basale |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by _____ tissue. | connective and epithelial |
| Which of the following is not a proteoglycan found in the matrix of connective tissue? | collagen |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | connective |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | microglia |
| Which is not a function of connective tissue? | communication |
| Which cells electrically insulate axons to increase the speed of conduction? | Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of connective tissue? | Typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmosomes |
| Which of the following is not a function of the skin? | Synthesis of vitamin E |
| Which is not a function of epithelial tissue? | Assimilation |
| Which of the following epithelial functions is a primary activity of glandular epithelium? | secretion |
| Before childbirth, the symphysis pubis softens. | true |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals? | calcium and phosphorus |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | additonal matrix |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the | scapula |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? Group of answer choices | fontanels |
| One similarity between the structures of the foot and hand is the equivalent degrees of movement of both the thumb and the big toe. | false |
| Hematopoiesis is carried out in the: | red bone marrow |
| The following are functions of bone except for | All of the above are functions of the bone (support, protection, mineral storage, hematopoiesis) |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. | 35 and 40 |
| During childbirth, a baby passes through an imaginary plane called the: | pelvic outlet |
| Which of the following may cause skeletal variations? | all of the above (Inadequate supply of calcium and vitamin D, Mechanical stress, Age) |
| Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are | osteoblasts |
| A person with a fractured patella would expect discomfort in the: | knee |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus |
| All of the following are characteristics of smooth muscle except: | thick and thin filaments are aligned in sacromeres like in skeletal muscles |
| Which of the following is not one of the major functions of muscles? | protection |
| Which of the following proteins found in myofilaments contains the cross-bridges? | myosin |
| Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding heat production? | All of the above are correct. (The body temperature set point is established by the hypothalamus. Shivering will increase body temperature. Body temperature functions on a negative-feedback mechanism.) |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? | saddle |
| Moving a body part away from the medial plane of the body is called: | abduction |
| During inspiration, the _____ flatten(s), thus increasing the size and volume of the thoracic cavity. | diaphragm |
| Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is incorrect? | Cardiac muscle requires nervous stimulation to contract |
| Aerobic respiration: | produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule. |
| Painful muscle contractions or involuntary twitches are called: | cramps |
| During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm? | Latent period |
| Which type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis? | single-unit smooth |
| The opposite of eversion is: | inversion |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines |
| There are two types of synapses—the electrical synapse and the __________ synapse. | chemical |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): | axon |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to: | initiate an action potential |
| The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open. |
| The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the | sodium-potassium pump |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | none of the above |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | during the absolute refractory period |
| Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to: | receptors on the postsynaptic neuron |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: | the frequency of nerve impulses |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Phenelzine |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
| The knee jerk can be classified as a segmental reflex because: | impulses that mediate it enter and leave the same segment of the cord |
| Blood vessels in both digestive organs and skeletal muscles are dilated by sympathetic stimulation | false |
| Normal infants will show the Babinski reflex up to the age of _____ years | 1.5-2 |
| The part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary is the: | hypothalamus |
| Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. | vagus |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: | increased heart rate |
| Nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | chroid plexuses |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | sensory perception |
| Which of the following is not associated with the oculomotor nerve? | blinking |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body. |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transciption of RNA |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors? | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | internal organs |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? | Thalamus |
| Which is not true of the hormone somatostatin? | It stimulates the secretion of insulin. |
| Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential? | It follows the all-or-none law. |
| Accommodation for near vision necessitates | All of the above |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate |
| The chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies are particularly sensitive to | hypercapnia |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | hematocrit |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodiliation |
| A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of | polycythemia |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | diapedesis |
| The function of which antibody is basically unknown? | IgD |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | hematopoiesis and hemostasis |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| Which gas law deals with the solubility of gases in solution? | Henry |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | Hemoglobin |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. | inversely, constant |
| Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | Control of cell metabolism rate |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes: | a decrease in alveolar pressure. |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| The enterogastric reflex causes: | inhibition of gastric peristalsis. |
| The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transport sodium ions and glucose molecules _____ the GI lumen. | passively out of |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | deglutition |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: | amylase |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: | monosaccharide |
| The hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is | vasoactive intestinal peptide |
| The total fluid or water content of the human body ranges from _____ of its total weight. | 45% to 75% |
| Which of the following substances is released by the juxtaglomerular cells? | Renin |
| In accordance with the physical laws governing filtration and osmosis, which of the following statements is true? | Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw fluid back into the capillaries |
Created by:
jculver
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