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Physiology 221
Weeks 6-12 test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of | ATP. |
| Kicking a football is accomplished by knee: | extension. |
| Physiological muscle fatigue may be caused by: | all of the above. |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the | sarcomere. |
| Which of the following proteins found in myofilaments contains the cross-bridges? | Myosin |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction are the | latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase. |
| The opposite of eversion is: | none of the above. |
| Which type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis? | Single-unit smooth |
| Skeletal muscles are innervated by: | omatic motor neurons. |
| The type of movement that occurs when the head is dropped to the shoulder, then to the chest, to the other shoulder, and toward the back is: | circumduction. |
| White fibers are also called _____ fibers. | fast |
| Muscle contractions will continue as long as: | the calcium ions are attached to the troponin. |
| The type of movement possible at a synovial joint depends on the: | shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones. |
| The strength of a muscle contraction is influenced by the: | All of the above are correct. |
| The ability of muscle cells to respond to nerve stimuli is called: | irritability. |
| Rotator cuff surgery is performed quite commonly on professional baseball players, especially pitchers. Evidently, the throwing motion places enormous stress on the: | shoulder. |
| A gliding joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. | multiaxial |
| What would be the effect of poor posture? | All of these are correct. |
| Glucose can be stored in the muscle as: | glycogen. |
| Which joint allows for the most movement? | Ball and socket |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): | axon. |
| During a relative refractory period: | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines. |
| Which is true of an action potential? | The outside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged, and the inside is positively charged. |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is | nerve impulse. |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines. |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a _____ potential. | local |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? | All of the above are used by the body as neurotransmitters. |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters? | Triglycerides |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse: | chemical transmitters are released. |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | none of the above. |
| Which of the following statements about amino acid neurotransmitters is incorrect? | They are all inhibitory neurotransmitters. |
| The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is: | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open. |
| Audition is a function of the _____ lobe. | temporal |
| What is the difference between a somatic reflex and an autonomic reflex? | A somatic reflex is caused by contraction of skeletal muscles, whereas an autonomic reflex consists of contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle or secretions of glands. |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: | increased heart rate. |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber may: | do all of the above. |
| How does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector? | A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the sympathetic division. |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
| Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex? | It is a flexor reflex. |
| Acetylcholine can stimulate _____ receptors. | nicotinic |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of motor activity |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| What would the result be if the phrenic nerve received an impulse from the cervical plexus? | The diaphragm would stop contracting. |
| Conduction by the sixth cranial nerve results in sensations of hearing. | False |
| The cerebellum performs all of the following functions except: | controls cardiac function. |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | Ruffini corpuscles. |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone. |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA. |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body. |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: | anterior pituitary. |
| All of the following are true statements except: | aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis. |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called: | permissiveness. |
| Which is not true of the hormone somatostatin? | It stimulates the secretion of insulin. |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | Internal organs |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava. |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| The chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies are particularly sensitive to: | hypercapnia. |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen. |
| Which of the following is not true of ventricles? | All of the above are true of the ventricles. |
| The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called: | adaptive immunity. |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | all of the above |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| _______ is the only antibody class with the ability to cross the placental barrier, providing passive immunity to the developing fetus during pregnancy. | IgG. |
| The lymph pressure gradient is established by | both A and B.breathing movements. skeletal muscle contractions. |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor |
| Which of the following is not a true statement? | Raising the ribs decreases the depth and width of the thorax. |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160 |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | nspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin. |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760 |
| Which of the following combinations in arterial blood could cause an increase in the respiratory rate? | Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO2 |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. | Both A and C are correct. less than in the systemic venous, equal to the systemic arterial |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood’s hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97% |
| Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the: | alveoli. |
| Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract: | help move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx. |
| Internal respiration can be defined as: | the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissue cells |
| Which of the following helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute? | All of the above help determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute. |
| The tendency of the thorax and lungs to return to the preinspiration volume is called: | elastic recoil. |
| The function of surfactant is to: | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration. |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150 |
| Which gas law deals with the solubility of gases in solution? | Henry |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | Control of cell metabolism rate |
| Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver? | Portal vein |
| Which of the following is a disaccharide? | Sucrose |
| Which of the following is not a function of the liver? | Secretion of insulin |
| The process of fat emulsification consists of: | breaking fats into small droplets. |
| An end product of fat digestion is: | glycerol. |
| Cellulose is a residue of digestion that comes from: | carbohydrates. |
| Which of the following is not true of enzymes? | They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction. |
| The enterogastric reflex causes: | inhibition of gastric peristalsis |
| The purpose of peristalsis is to: | propel food forward along the GI tract. |
| Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is(are) stimulated by the sight, taste, and smell of food? | Cephalic phase |
| The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transport sodium ions and glucose molecules _____ the GI lumen. | passively out of |
| Bicarbonates are useful in the GI tract to: | neutralize hydrochloric acid. |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: | small intestine. |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is: | secretin. |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: | gastric inhibitory peptide. |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: | amylase. |
| Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control? | Oral stage |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. | hydrolyzing |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport. |
| Which of these is not an example of mechanical digestion? | Moistening the food |
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