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Physio Psych Exam 2
Movement
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Somatosensation and movement | part of the somatic nervous system, which utilizes the spinal nerves |
| Skeletal Muscles | -Most have antagonistic relationship with another muscle around a joint. One muscle contracts, the other relaxes. -Consist of extrafusal fibers that contract the muscle. Fibers are innervated by alpha motor neurons. -Also have intrafusal muscle fibers |
| Lower motor neurons | fire action potential - releases acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction. |
| acetylcholine | activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate, causing an action potential that spreads along the muscle fiber. |
| intrafusal muscle fibers | innervated by gamma motor neurons, and the spindles send sensory stretch info back to the CNS via sensory neurons (proprioception) |
| Voluntary Movement | Generated by the cortex and other subcortical areas. Generally guided by feedback. |
| Primary motor cortex | lies directly across the central sulcus from the primary somatosensory cortex. Stimulation results in movement. |
| Anterior to the primary motor cortex | Premotor and supplementary motor areas. |
| Cranial Nerve V | Trigminal nerve - chewing |
| Cranial Nerve VII | Facial nerve - face muscle movement |
| Cranial Nerve XII | Hypoglossal nerve - tongue movement |
| Neurons that innervate the limbs | Travel through the lateral corticospinal tract. |
| Rubrospinal Tract | controls arm and legs |
| Supplementary motor complex and Premotor cortex | plan future movements. Important for learning and planning movement sequences. |
| Premotor cortex | important for using cues to select appropriate movements |
| Cerebellum | -Fine tunes movement -Involved in coordinating movement -contains >50% of the brain's neurons -receives external and internal feedback -Critical to proper aiming and timing of movement -Interprets unexpected stimulation (tickle response) |
| Basal Ganglia | -helps select movement -cluster of nuclei that surround the thalamus -necessary for the self-initiation of movements(motivation), movement selection, and efficient of appropriate movements, including sequencing and coordination. |
| Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops | Integrate sensory info form the parietal cortex, motor info from the frontal cortex, dopamine signals from the midbrain, etc Enables optimal movement selection |
| Motor learning | -Mediated in part by the basal ganglia and cerebellum. -Cerebellum - adjusts movement based on trial-and-error movement -Basal ganglia - important for developing motor habits |
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