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Physio Psych Exam 2
Vision
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Each Sense | Has specialized sensory receptors |
| Sensory Receptors | Receptors that detect and are activated/inhibited by a special type of signal (electromagnetic/physical/chemical) |
| 5 senses | Vision, Hearing, Touch, Smell, and Taste |
| Vision componets | Energy Reception - Photoreception - detection of light perceived as sight Sense Organ - Eyes |
| Vision | The translation of physical light energy into a visual perception of our environment |
| Hue | Determined by the oscillation (frequency) of the wavelength |
| Brightness | Determined by the intensity (amplitude) of the wavelength |
| Saturation | Purity of wavelength |
| White | Combination of all light wavelength |
| Black | The absence of light |
| The eyes are moved by | Extra ocular muscles Cranial nerves III, IV, VI |
| Types of eye movement | Saccades Vergence - Feedback used for depth perception Smooth Tracking Vestibulo - Ocular movements |
| Pupil | Hole in the front of the eye that appears black, controlled by the iris, which dilates and constricts the pupil to allow more or less light in - pupil reflex. |
| Lens | Focuses the light that comes through the pupil; shape controlled by ciliary muscles. |
| Retina | area at the back of the eye where light is transducted into all electrical signal, which is sent to the brain via the optic nerve |
| Fovea | Focal point of the retina, most active vision |
| Periphery of the retina | Surrounds fovea, less active but mote sensitive to low level light |
| Blind spot | Where optic nerve leaves the eye, blood vessels come in and out. |
| In the absence of light, photoreceptors are... | on, depolarized, and send inhibitory signals to hyperpolarize the bipolar cells. |
| When light hits photoreceptors... | It activates a photosensitive pigment which leads to downstream effects that close sodium channels, turning the cell off (hyper polarized) and releasing the inhibition of the bipolar cells. |
| Photoreceptors | DO NOT fire action potentials, their responses are graded. |
| Convergance | Responsible for both sensitivity and acuity |
| Sensitivity and acuity | inverse relationship |
| More convergence | Larger receptive field, greater sensitivity, less acuity |
| Less convergence | Smaller receptive field, less sensitivity, greater acuity. |
| Trichromatic Theory of color Vision | Different combinations of activation of these different (3 cones) cone cells results in all of the colors we can see. |
| Protanopia | Red cones detect green |
| Deuteranopia | Green cones detect red |
| Tritanopia | The retina is missing blue cones. |
| How is info transmitted | Info from the retinal ganglion cells travel down the optic nerve and through the optic chiasm, where the visual fields are split. |
| The primary Visual Cortex | Straite |
| The straite.. | Receives visual info from the LGN (also known as v1) |
| Visual components of memories are stored | in v2-v8 |
| Dorsal Visual Stream | Involved in recognizing spatial location, where they are moving, and how fast, and guiding behavior. Known as the where? and how? pathway. Damage causes visiopatial deficits. |
| Ventral Visual Stream | Involved in recognizing what an object is ("What" Pathway). Damage to this stream results in visual agnosia. |
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