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alienation of labor
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base & superstructure
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Crit Writing Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alienation of labor | (Marxism) the people who make the goods do not get to use them and the people who use them do not have an appreciation of the labor of production |
| base & superstructure | (Marxism) all aspects of life (superstructure) are built on an economic base |
| celebration of women | (2nd-wave feminism) focuses largely on creating positive female role models based off of an idealized perception of a woman - supported women with little faults/morally "right" backgrounds - risks characterization of women in a narrow category |
| commodification | (Marxism) making things to be sold |
| reification | (Marxism) reduction of everything to its value as a commodity |
| consent of the masses | (Marxism) public's agreement to oppressive hegemony |
| cultural capital | (Marxism) social assets of a person that promote social mobility in a divided society |
| cultural studies | (CS) questions relationships of culture to power, largely in terms of contemporary popular culture - analogous to NH |
| dialectic | (Marxism) provides a critique of class divisions |
| discourse | (NH) Foucault's unconscious internalization of cultural norms as the source of what comes to be accepted as "knowledge" - analogous to Marxist "ideology" |
| division of labor | (Marxism) Proletariat workers will do hard work enlisted by the better-off Bourgeoisie owners |
| dominant, residual, emergent | (CS) - dominant: leading cultural forces - residual: older (declining?) forces - emergent: newer (rising?) forces - analogous to NH's "discourse" |
| economic determinism | (Marxism) one's amount of money determines economic and social class |
| feminism | (feminism) respecting women and their experiences, bringing attention to female struggles and achievements, and fighting for equality for both women and other marginalized communities |
| first-wave feminism | (feminism, 1840s-1920s) - primary goal: right to vote - associated with Abolitionist and Suffragist movements |
| fourth-wave feminism | (feminism, 2010s+) impact of technology on sexual politics and a greater acceptance/alignment with queer identities/theories |
| homophobia | (QS) discrimination against or fear of spread of people who identify as queer |
| homosexual panic | (QS) straight or closeted gay people who experience a fear of being perceived as queer (ex. "no homo") |
| hegemony | (Marxism) normative social/economic power structure |
| ideology | (Marxism) unconscious acceptance of hegemony |
| images of women | (2nd-wave feminism) judges a work according to whether it provides "positive images" of women - risks essentializing women (positive image = good work, negative image = bad work) |
| interpellation | (Marxism) process of being passively, unconsciously drawn into dominant social assumptions |
| intersectionality | (3rd-wave feminism) interconnected nature of social categorizations, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination |
| male gaze | (2nd-wave feminism) cultural construct of a male/masculine spectator objectifying a female/feminine spectated through a sexualized, objectifying look |
| Marxism | (Marxism) sees society as being shaped by economic forces (especially the struggle between the ruling and working classes) - based on Marx and Engels |
| materialism | (Marxism) physical objects have primary value in society |
| New Historicism | (NH) posits the dynamic interrelationship between literature and history, forwards idea of history being constructed |
| closet | (QS) privatization of one's identity |
| outing | (QS) involuntary reveal of one's identity and removal from the closet |
| political unconscious | (Marxism) unacknowledged social meanings that shape literature and cultural productions/movements |
| presentism | (NH) allowing for greater "hindsight" from the perspective of the present and uncovering the relevance of past-present connection (limitations: "whole picture", unconscious biases) |
| queer (noun) | (QS) any sexual/gender identity beyond the cis-het constructed "norm" |
| queer (verb) | (QS) questions the cis-het "norm" |
| queer of color critique | (QS) focuses on queer life and culture in specific populations and communities (intersectionality) |
| queer studies | (QS) focuses on the representation of sex/gender beyond heteronormativity |
| regulation, biopower, resistance | (NH) Foucault's idea of how discourse can control (regulate) or help (biopower) society, and society can push back (resist) the dominant discourse |
| relative autonomy | (Marxism) superstructure's partial independence from the base (binary opposition with false consciousness) |
| false consciousness | (Marxism) people acting against their own interests due to the interpellation of oppressive ideologies (binary opposition with relative autonomy) |
| second-wave feminism | (feminism, 1960s-80s) focus on domestic rights and celebration of women as individuals and unity as a group - associated with Civil Rights and anti-war movements - linked to ideas of Structuralism (essentialism, binary opposition) |
| sex/gender system | (2nd-/3rd-wave feminism) - 2nd: sex=anatomy/biology, gender=product of culture -3rd: questions binary distinctions between female/male/sex and feminine/masculine/gender |
| socialist realism | (Marxism) literature that explicitly endorses an idealized vision of socialism/communism |
| subculture | (CS) a group whose values/area of interest sets it apart from the dominant culture |
| third-wave feminism | (feminism, 1990s-2010s) focus on intersectionality as a reaction against 2nd-wave - linked to ideas of deconstruction (instability/multiplicity of identity/meaning) |
| women as victims | (feminism) depiction of women as a helpless subject that a (male) hero must rescue |
| women as agents | (feminism) depiction of women as a morally sound role models |
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