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Chapter 4 Vocab

Semantics

QuestionAnswer
Semantics Study of meaning in human language
Principle of Compositionality The semantic meaning of any unit of language is determined by the semantic meanings of its parts, along with the way they are put together.
Noncompositional Meaning Idioms – meaning is not (just) the sum of its parts
Synonymy Words which have the same meaning in some or all contexts.
Antonyms Words or phrases that are opposites with respect to some component of their meaning.
Polysemy A word has two or more related meanings
Homophony A single phonological form has 2 or more distinct meanings; 2 different words share the same form.
Polysemy and Homophony create LEXICAL AMBIGUITY
PARAPHRASE Two sentences have similar meaning; same truth conditions (if one is true, the other is, too)
ENTAILMENT The truth of one sentence guarantees the truth of another, but reverse isn’t necessarily true
CONTRADICTION If one sentence is true, the other must be false
Connotation set of associations a word can evoke
Denotation/referent what a word refers to
Extension referents in the real world that a word picks out
Intension inherent sense or concept
Componential Analysis uses semantic features to analyze meaning
Verbs which share features often share similar syntactic properties
Conceptual system Underlies word and sentence meaning by organizing and classifying every aspect of human experience.
Fuzzy Concepts not clear-cut boundaries.
Graded membership There's different degrees of membership between words.
Metaphor The understanding of one concept in terms of another.
Grammaticization What gets expressed as an affix or nonlexical category.
Constructional Meaning Syntax (structural patterns) contribute to meaning beyond just the component parts
Structural Ambiguity More than one meaning is assigned because constituents may be grouped in more than one way.
Thematic Roles Syntax not enough to determine meaning.
Other Factors in Sentence Interpretation Role of Beliefs and Attitudes
Presupposition The assumption or belief implied by the use of a particular word
Deixis interpretation depends on location of speaker.
Discourse New vs. old (given) information
Popular Linguistics sets

 

 



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