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databases

1.3.2 - databases

TermDefinition
database an organised collection of data
tables / entities (overall a file) where all the data is stored
records / rows / tuples the information regarding one item (eg a student)
fields / columns / attributes a type of characteristic items would fall under (eg hair colour)
flat file database description databases that only contain a singular table ie there are no relationships between the tables in a file
flat file database pros / cons can be easy to set up / make, but often includes a lot of redundancy and maintenance issues the bigger the table is
relational databases where there is some kind of relationship that means that given a piece of information from the primary table, more information is found via the secondary one
common fields the piece of data that relates databases together (often the same as the foreign key)
key fields a field where the piece of data that is unique for each record there has to be at least one for each table in a database
entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs) represents the kind of relationship between tables in a file
One to One relationships (1:1) given one piece of information from one table, there is only be one result from the other table (eg only one student will have one ID number)
One to Many relationships (1:M) given one piece of information from one table, there are multiple results from another table (eg in a given class, one teacher will have multiple students but not the other way around)
Many to Many relationships (M:M) given multiple pieces of information in one table, there are multiple results from another table (eg a teacher will have multiple students, who then have multiple teachers in return in a school), generally considered “bad practice”
normalisation the process of converting a M:M relationship to another one
composite keys When multiple attributes are used to uniquely define a record
referential integrity no foreign key in one table can not reference a non-existent field in another table
key types whilst all key fields are unique, only the primary key is used when searching. all other key fields are secondary keys
capturing how data is collected and put into the database
selecting how data is queried and retrived
managing how data is manipulated
exchanging how data is transferred to other people
paper based forms where data is collected on paper, then manually inputted into a digital database. Proper care must be done when designing the form for errors to be limited.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) using technology to automatically read font-based text
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) Efficiently collects data such as multiple choice tests and lottery tickets)
other examples of capturing data magnetic strips (library cards) Chips and pin (bank cards) Smart cart readers (apple pay) Barcodes (self-checkout aisle) Qr Codes (microsoft forms) Sensors (microphones)
Structured Query Language (SQL) the msot common query language used in databases, done via SELECT FROM WHERE
Query By Example (QBE) the first graphical query language, forming the front-end of most databases. Removes the need to use SQL's syntax
Database Manipulation Languages (DMls) languages that allow for the modification of data once the datahbase has been made, often done using UPDATE, DELETE or INSERT
Database Managent Systems (DBMSs) uses a graphical interface to abstract the details of database design from the user whilst still following all the rules and managing all the errors.
exchanging data types can be done in file types like XML and JSON or Comma-seperated Value files (CSVs)
manual method examples of exchanging data uses of secondary storage, emails, paper based
automated method example of exchanging data Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) allows for data to be transferred automatically, however that includes any errors in the documents.
Created by: That cool NAMe
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