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Chapter 3 Vocab
Syntax
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parts of speech | A traditional term for the syntactic category of a word |
| Traditional Parts of Speech | Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, article, interjection |
| Nouns | Person, place, or concrete object |
| Some nouns are defined in terms of | actions, which are typically how verbs are defined |
| We can define syntactic categories in terms of their | distributional behavior |
| What are the two main types of frame tests? | Morphological Frame Tests and Syntactic Frame Tests |
| Morphological Frame Tests | Help the analyst by observing the distributional properties of morphemes |
| Ways to do a morphological frame test for nouns | Adding the plural s, adding the possessive s, derivational endings (-ion, -ation, -ness, -al) |
| Syntactic Frame Test | determine which words co- occur with other words |
| Ways to do a syntactic frame test for nouns | Seeing if it appears as a preposition, determiner, or adjective |
| Ways to do a morphological frame test for verbs | Seeing if it appears as a progressive (continuous), past, perfect (completed) |
| Ways to do a syntactic frame test for verbs | Seeing if it can follow modal auxiliaries (we should/can/will go), can be negated with not (you should not leave yet) |
| Adjectives can take two inflectional endings | The comparative –er and the superlative –est |
| Ways to do a syntactic frame test for adjectives | periphrastic comparative (more/most), appearing between determiners and nouns |
| Ways to do a syntactic frame test for adverbs | Ending in -ly |
| Lexical Syntactic Categories | -Have a lot of semantic content -Tend not to be omitted in telegraphic speech -Much meaning of a sentence could be understood -Tend to be open |
| Lexical categories include | noun, verbs, adjectives, adverbs |
| Functional Syntactic Categories | -Semantically weak -Required by the grammar and contribute to the structure of the sentence |
| Prepositions | -Indicate a spatial, temporal or relational role -Do not take inflectional endings -Usually followed by a noun (phrase) or can be intransitive (no NP object) |
| Determiners | -Delimit the scope of a noun phrase (NP) -Only some bear the category PLURAL -May be followed by Adjectives and Nouns |
| Constituency | Grouping |
| Constituents | Form a semantically coherent syntactic group of words |
| three main constituency tests | Replacement (Substitution), stand alone in answer to a question, movement |
| Replacement | the substitution of a phrase with a specific pro-form. |
| Forms of replacement | -Noun phrases to pronouns -Verb phrases to "do" or "do so" -Adjective phrases to "such" -Propositional phrases to "there" or "then" |
| Stand Alone Test | Constituents can stand alone in answer to a question |
| Movement Test | Constituents can usually move |
| Lexical | A word is a homonym |
| Structural | The same string of words may be assigned different syntactic structure. |
| Functional | The same string functions differently in different interpretations and thus has a different tree. |
| Two areas that are susceptible to structural ambiguity: | Prepositional Phrases and Scope of Adjective |
| Prepositional Phrases | postnominal functions as adjectival, while post-verbal functions adverbially |
| Adjective Phrase | Adjective Phrase over a noun phrase, especially in a series. |
| Recursion | The expansion of phrases which can expand other phrases within themselves. |
Created by:
KenzieMWallace105
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