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SCI221-Assignment#1
Week1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which level of control operates at the cell level, often using genes and enzymes to regulate cell function? | intracellular regulation |
| The relatively constant state maintained by the body is known as | homeostasis |
| The impact of effector activity on sensors may be positive or negative. Therefore, homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as | organs that are directly influenced by physiological variables or mechanisms. |
| Extrinsic control usually involves which mode of regulation? | nervous endocrine |
| What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference? | afferent |
| The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow is | feed-forward |
| Processes for maintaining or restoring homeostasis are known as | homeostatic control mechanisms. |
| The normal reading or range is called the | set point |
| Many complex processes of the body are coordinated at many levels. These include | intracellular intrinsic extrinsic |
| Local control or _____, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals. | autoregulation |
| Which of the following is a basic component of every feedback control loop? | sensor mechanism, integrating center, effector, feedback |
| The body naturally changes some set points to different values at different times of the day. These daily cyles are called | circadian cycles |
| Effectors can be described as | organs that directly influence controlled physiological variables |
| To accomplish self-regulation, a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network is required. This type of network is called a(n) | feedback control loop |
| Events that lead to an immune response to an infection or the formation of a blood clot are examples of | positive feedback |
| Because negative feedback control systems oppose changes that are opposite in direction to the initial disturbance, they are | slowed or maintained in the homeostatic range. |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? | Transmitter |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | autoimmunity |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: | minimize changes in blood glucose levels maintain homeostasis are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | accelerate a change |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | viruses |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | hypothalamus |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | the body trying to maintain homeostasis a negative-feedback mechanism |
| Intrinsic control: | is sometimes called autoregulation |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | Environment Stress Lifestyle |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback | positive |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions |
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | occurrence distribution transmission |
| The normal reading or range of normal is called the: | set point |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | the course of disease development. |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | Tapeworms |
| Homeostasis can best be described as: | a state of relative constancy |
| The most important monosaccharide is | glucose |
| Any large molecule made up of many identical small molecules is called a(n) | polymer |
| A saturated fatty acid is one in which | all available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled. |
| Which of the following is polymer of glucose that is sometimes referred to as animal starch? | Glycogen |
| ATP | is the form of energy that cells generally use |
| A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid | False |
| What term is often used to describe certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of many organic molecules? | functional group |
| All proteins have which four elements? | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| A very large molecule composed of subunits of sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate bond is a | nucleic acid |
| DNA and RNA are important because | information molecules |
| Which term means “water loving” and applies to the phospholipid head? | hydrophilic |
| Which of these is not a lipid? | polysaccharide |
| What determines how a protein performs? | shape |
| RNA and DNA have the same pyrimidine bases but different purine bases. | False |
| The lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone is | prostaglandin |
| Proteins are polymers of | amino acids |
| Chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of other proteins so they can have the correct functional shape. | True |
| When two amino acids are joined, a peptide bond is formed and an H+ ion is released. | False |
| The carbon-containing molecules formed by living things are often called | organic molecules |
| In base pairing of DNA molecules, _____ is bound to _____. | adenine; thymine |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids? | Degree of saturation |
| Peptide bonds join together molecules of: | amino acids |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | Creatine phosphate |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | steroids |
| All of the following substances are organic except: | electrolytes |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| The term glycoprotein, a combination of two words, tells you that the compound is made of _____, with _____ being the dominant component. | carbohydrate and protein; protein |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | fatty acids and glycerol |
| A _____ is a functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons | free radical |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body | glycogen |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | LDL |
| Which lipid acts as a “tissue hormone”? | Prostaglandin |
| Unsaturated fats: | will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms. |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | peptide bonds |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | Structural and functional |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is: | nitrogen |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | essential amino acids |
| The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure? | Secondary |
| The cell process in which microorganisms or other large particles are engulfed is called | phagocytosis |
| The two processes of protein synthesis are | transcription and translation |
| Meiosis is called “reduction division” because | the number of chromosomes is reduced by half. |
| Which of the following phases is NOT correctly matched with its description? | anaphase – mitosis is complete |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of meiosis? | two haploid gametes |
| In the electron transport system, the final electron acceptor is | oxygen |
| If oxygen is available, the pyruvate molecules formed by glycolysis are prepared to enter the next phase of aerobic cellular respiration, called the | citric acid cycle |
| Osmosis can be defined as | the net movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration |
| The total number of 46 chromosomes per cell is referred to as _________ number | diploid |
| Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis into that solution is called _____ pressure | osmotic |
| RNA makes proteins by | translation |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called a(n) | allosteric effector |
| Replication of DNA occurs in which phase of interphase? | S phase |
| In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes move to the opposite ends of the cells along the spindle fibers? | anaphase |
| If red blood cells containing 10% solute are placed in a solution containing 10% solute, what will happen? | Water will move into and out of the cells at equal rates |
| Red blood cells are placed in an unknown solution. After 45 minutes, the cells are examined and determined to have decreased in size. The unknown solution is | hypertonic |
| A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction is a(n) | catalyst |
| Transcription can best be described as the | synthesis of mRNA. |
| Diffusion can be defined as | the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
| Diffusion moves | down a concentration gradient. |
| The component that distinguishes one nucleotide from another is the | nitrogen base |
| Meiotic division occurs in | primitive sex cells |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell? | cytoplasm |
| In the DNA molecule, a sequence of three base pairs forms a(n) | codon |
| Which of the following is an active transport process? | endocytosis |
| The result of meiosis is | four daughter cells that are haploid |
| Mitosis is subdivided into four phases, including all of the following except | karyophase |
| Facilitated diffusion is not an active transport process because it | does not depend on cell energy |
| Proteins that act as catalysts are called | enzymes |
| Normal mitosis results in | cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell |
| NaCl would move through the cell membrane in which direction? | Both into and out of the cell |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | hypertrophy |
| Diffusion requires: | a concentration gradient |
| If a sequence of nitrogen bases in nucleic acid were A-U-C-G-A, which of the following would be true about the nucleic acid? | It contains ribose sugar |
| A sequence of three bases forms a(n): | codon |
| Which of the following statements is true? | The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm. |
| Transcription can be best described as the: | synthesis of mRNA |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called: | aquaporins |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | It contains deoxyribose sugar |
| A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of: | carrier-mediated transport |
| Diffusion of particles through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule is called: | facilitated diffusion |
| Which of the following terms is synonymous with tumor? | Neoplasm |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | hypertonic |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be: | an even exchange of material across the membrane |
| Which is true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Three sodium ions are taken out of the cell |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as: | haploid |
| When the chromosomes align themselves across the equator of the spindle fibers, it is characteristic of which phase of mitosis? | Metaphase |
| The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of: | filtration |
| The pairing of bases of a strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the base sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligatory sequence of its opposing base pairs? | TAGC |
| Which of the following is not true of diffusion? | Uses cellular energy |
| In which skin layer does the process of keratinization begin? | Stratum granulosum |
| The hair papilla consists of _____ tissue. | dermal |
| The nail body forms at the nail root, which has a matrix of proliferating cells from the _____________ that enables the nail to grow continuously. | stratum basale |
| Which skin layer has cells that look prickly because of the desmosomes that join the cells together? | Stratum spinosum |
| Fingernail growth is the result of the mitosis of the cells in the stratum: | germinativum |
| Which cells of the skin act as a type of antigen-presenting cell in the skin? | Dendritic cells |
| Smooth muscles that produce goose pimples when they contract are the _____ muscles. | arrector pili |
| Which skin layer contains closely packed, clear cells that contain a gel-like substance called eleidin? | Stratum lucidum |
| Apocrine sweat glands can be found in all of the following areas except the: | soles of the feet. |
| Hair: | alternates between periods of growth and rest consists of keratinized cells is formed from cells of the germinal matrix |
| Which is not part of a hair? | Lanugo |
| The hair follicle is found in the: | dermis |
| The gland responsible for the waxy secretion in the external ear canal is: | ceruminous |
| Which cells of the skin are filled with a tough, fibrous protein and account for most of the epidermal cells of the skin? | Keratinocytes |
| Which skin layer is called the barrier area? | Stratum corneum |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? | Nitric oxide Acetylcholine Carbon monoxide |
| Stimulus-gated channels open in response to: | sensory stimuli |
| The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re-stimulation is called the __________ period. | refractor |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a _____ potential | local |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is | nerve impulse |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): | axon |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse that is how much faster than the slowest fibers in the body? | Almost 300 times faster |
| Which is true of an action potential? | The outside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged, and the inside is positively charged |
| There are two types of synapses—the electrical synapse and the __________ synapse | chemical |
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron’s membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): | potassium |
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n) ____ charge | negative |
| The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the | sodium-potassium pump |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | serotonin. histamine. dopamine. - none of the above |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to: | initiate an action potential |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse: | chemical transmitters are released |
| A synapse consists of: | a synaptic knob. a synaptic cleft. the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron. |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second | 130 |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: | the frequency of nerve impulses |
| What is are the two types/functions of bone marrow? | Red & yellow – produces red blood cells and stores energy as fat |
| The external portion of the bone is known as | Cortical bone |
| Bones grow due to activity in the | Epiphyseal plates |
| Which of the following is NOT CONSIDERED a long bone | C5 Vertebral Body |
| When an astronaut is in space for 2 months what may happen to their bone density as compared to a person living on earth? | The astronaut will experience bone loss at an increased rate as a person on earth |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal. | Because it is semi-solid and flexible Because has a no or a limited blood supply |
| Which of the following is a location in which you would find fibrous cartilage | Public symphysis Interverbal discs |
| Select the answer that best describes the axial skeletal structure. | Provides framework for muscles that anchor and stabilize the appendicular bones |
| Adipocytes, found in the yellow bone marrow, stores and releases ____________________________ for energy. | fat and triglycerides |
| Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident? | protection of internal organs |
| Without red bone marrow, bones would not be able to ________ | make blood cells |
| Which of the following provide flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement? | Cartilages |
| The fontenelles of an infant's skull consists of | fibrous membrane |
| Which statement below is correct regarding fontanelles? | Allows for brain growth. The anterior fontanelle closes at about 2 years of age. The fontanelles are fibrous membranes. |
| Hematopoietic stem cells that are found in red bone marrow can develop into a variety of different blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. | True |
| Please select the bone positioned most superiorly on the human skeleton | frontal |
| Blood calcium levels involve secretion of which two hormones? | parathyroid and calcitonin |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diaphysis? | Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle |
| Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones? | Hormonal production |
| An open fracture is also known as a compound fracture | True |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the | scapula |
| If there is an injury to the occipital bone you may expect that which sense is damaged? | vision |
| One similarity between the structures of the foot and hand is the equivalent degrees of movement of both the thumb and the big toe. | False |
| Young children’s bones have a greater risk of fracturing because of incompletely ossified bone | False |
| Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types? | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | fontanels |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals? | Both B and C |
| Before childbirth, the symphysis pubis softens | True |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | additional matrix |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses? | Cylindrical in shape |
| Due to how the clavicle articulates with the scapula, all shoulder movements involve the sternoclavicular joint. | True |
| Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when | complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix |
| The following are functions of bone except for | support. protection. mineral storage. hematopoiesis. |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus |
| Hematopoiesis is carried out in the: | red bone marrow |
| Which of the following is not among the structures that characterize synovial joints? | tendons |
| According to the sliding filament theory | actin moves past myosin |
| If a structural classification is used, joints are named according to the type of _____ tissue that joins the bones together | connective |
| Joints joined by fibrocartilage are called | symphyses |
| The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of | ATP |
| Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called | lactate |
| Exercise may cause an increase in muscle size called | hypertrophy |
| _____ occurs when the foot is tilted upward, thus decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg | Dorsiflexion |
| The joints between the articulating surfaces of the vertebral processes are classified as what type of joint? | gliding |
| The structure of the knee joint permits movements of | flexion and extension |
| Which type of movement occurs between the carpal and tarsal bones and between the articular facets of adjoining spinal vertebrae? | gliding |
| Synovial joints are | freely movable |
| Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint? | elbow joint |
| The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the | threshold stimulus |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction are the | latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase |
| The joint present during the growth years between the epiphyses of a long bone and its diaphysis is the | synchrondrosis |
| The shoulder joint is an example of a _____ joint. | The shoulder joint is an example of all of these |
| The largest and most commonly injured joint in the body is the _____ joint | knee |
| Synarthrotic joints are | immovable |
| Which of the following is not a function of muscles? | storage |
| The muscle’s ability to stretch or extend and to return to its resting length is called | extensibility |
| Muscle tone is maintained by | negative feedback mechanisms |
| Repeated stimulation of muscle in time lessens its excitability and contractibility and may result in | fatigue |
| A contraction in which muscle length remains the same but muscle tension increases is called an | isometric contraction |
| The four kinds of protein that make up myofilaments are myosin, actin, | tropomyosin, and troponin |
| The more muscle fibers contracting at the same time, the stronger the contraction of the entire muscle. The number of muscle fibers contracting depends on how many motor units are | recruited |
| Some synovial joints contain a closed pillow-like structure called a(n) | bursa |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the | sarcomere |
| Which structure allows the electrical signals to travel along the sarcolemma and move deeper into the cell? | transverse tubule |
| Which subtype of fibrous joints is found only in the skull? | suture |
| A condyloid joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. | biaxial |
| The protein molecule that has heads jutting out for cross-bridging is: | myosin |
| The ability of muscle cells to respond to nerve stimuli is called: | irritability |
| The knee joint is an example of a _____ joint. | hinge |
| All of the following are true characteristics of an isometric contraction except: | movement is produced |
| Muscle contractions will continue as long as: | the calcium ions are attached to the troponin |
| Stretching the foot down and back and pointing the toe is called: | plantar flexion |
| A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same but the length changes is called a(n) _____ contraction | isotonic |
| Which type of joint joins the two pubic bones together? | Symphysis |
| Aerobic respiration: | produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule |
| After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein? | Troponin |
| Endurance training is also known as: | aerobic training |
| Which type of muscle does not have T-tubules? | Smooth |
| Which muscle group extends the vertebral column and also flexes the back laterally and rotates it a little? | erector spinae |
| Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is incorrect? | Cardiac muscle requires nervous stimulation to contract. |
| Physiological muscle fatigue may be caused by: | a relative lack of ATP. high levels of lactate. failure of the sodium-potassium pumps. |
| The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of | ATP |
| The opposite of dorsiflexion is: | plantar flexion |
| Attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would result in which type of muscle contraction? | Isometric |
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