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Phys Final 2010
Winter semester
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Your grade for lab will be determined by | quizzes given at the start of lab time |
| High BP damaged a patient's blood vessel walls leading to arteriosclerosis, harder arteries created more resistance to blood flow by raising BP, This is an example of what type of feedback loop? | Positive feedback |
| Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains | A relatively stable internal environment, within limits |
| Survival needs of the body include | Nutriends, water, atmospheric pressure, & oxygen |
| Homeostatic imbalance is considered the cause of | Most diseases |
| Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent what | Sudden & severe changes within the body |
| True or false: The control of blood glucose levels by pancreatic hormones is an example of a negative feedback mechanism | True |
| Isotopes of an element differ in their number of | Neutrons |
| A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is associated with | Release of energy |
| Metabolism is | A broad term that covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells |
| Sucrose is an example of a | Disaccharide |
| Hydrogen bonds are | Fairly weak and involve an atom of hydrogen and an atom of some electronegative element such as oxygen |
| Histones are | What a DNA molecule needs to wrap around to become a chromosome |
| A buffer is | A weak acid & a weak base |
| Quatenary structure is | When the 4 alpha & beta subunits come together to form a complex globular shape |
| A polysaccharide is | A long chain of simple sugars |
| A phospholipid is usually | Partially hydrophillic & partially hydrophobic |
| Glycogen is | How carbs are stored in the liver & muscles |
| Hydrogen bonds are | Very weak & often involve water |
| Sucrose is a | Disaccharide |
| Secondary structure is | Coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix |
| Genetic info is coded in DNA by | The sequence of nucleotides |
| Enzymes do not | Raise activation energy to required to start a reaction |
| The types of bonds that atoms form with other atoms are NOT determined by | The number of neutrons |
| The lower the pH means the higher the | Hydrogen ion concentration |
| A hypertonic solution will cause cells to | Lose water & shrink (crenation) |
| The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the | Rate of diffusion |
| A gene is | A segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain |
| If the DNA sequence is ACGTT, the mRNA sequence is | UGCAA |
| tRNA is | RNA responsible for bringing a.a to the "factory" site for protein formation |
| The last event in protein synthesis is | Transcription |
| T/F: Chromatin is made of 50% DNA & 50% RNA | False |
| Transcription occurs | In the nucleus |
| Translation occurs | At a ribosome |
| Repeated use of cocaine leads to | Decreased levels of the G9a protein |
| Decreased levels of G9a protein leads to | More dendritic spines on brain cells |
| Patients with frequent blood transfusions in their entire lives have issues with iron because | The body has no normal mechanism for excreting excess iron |
| Sarcoplamis reticulum is | An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage |
| The role of T-tubules is to | Enhance cellular communication w/in the muscle cell during contraction |
| Skeletal muscle produces | Heat |
| During muscle contraction, I bands & H zones | Get smaller |
| During muscle contraction, A bands | Get closer |
| Treppe is | When muscles increase contraction strength because of increased calcium avaiability, while increased warmth due to activity causes efficiency increase in muscle enzyme systems |
| Rigor mortis is due to | Low ATP levels, poor cross bridge detachment & Calcium leakage from the SR |
| Neuromuscular transmission is due to | Calcium entry in the nerve terminal that triggers Ach release, Ach binds to its receptors & open ion channels which results in depolarization |
| Creatine phosphate in the muscle | Stores energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP as needed |
| Myglobin is | Oxygen carrier for muscles |
| Isotonic contractions | Change length while generating force |
| In muscle contraction, calcium's role is to | Bind to troponin & change the configuration |
| Fast twitch fibers that rely on glycolysis are colored | White |
| Exercise does not do this to the number of muscle cells | Increase the number of muscle cells |
| An end plate potential is | A depolarization because of sodium entry into the muscle cell |
| Smooth muscle cells are ____ than skeletal muscle cells | Smaller |
| Norepinephrine does this to smooth muscle cells | Stimulates some, inhibits others |
| Single unit smooth muscle is | The most common & found in the intestinal wall |
| Smooth muscle has | A small SR, no troponin & no T-tubules |
| The drugs used to test for myasthenia, edrophonium & neostigmine work by | Inhibiting Ach Esterase |
| An antigen | Triggers an immune response |
| In myasthenia gravis, the antigen appears to be | AchR |
| An axon | Conducts impulses AWAY from its cell body |
| An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with | Hyperpolarization |
| This ion gate opens for rapid repolarization in an action potential | Potassium |
| Astrocytes are | Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons of the CNS |
| Astrocytes function by | Buffering potassium & recapturing neurotransmitters |
| The refractory period is | the period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus |
| Innervation of the skeletal muscle is a function of | The somatic nervous system |
| A converging circuit is | A neuronal circuit that concentrates or directs a lot of incoming impulses to a small number of neurons |
| Temporal summation is | When 1+ presynaptic neurons fire in rapid order to produce a greater depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane than a single EPSP would produce |
| In myelinated axons, voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated at | The nodes of Ranvier |
| T/F:Large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses faster than small-diameter fibers | True |
| An oligodendrocyte | Myelinates nerve fibers in the central nervous system |
| Strong stimuli do NOT cause an increase in | The amplitude of action potentials |
| An example of biogenic amines (a group of ntmr) is | Norepinephrine |
| Norepi is used as a ntmr by which nervous system? | Sympathetic nervous system |
| Norepi causes respiratory airways too | Dilate |
| Majority of parasympathetic fibers are derived from which cranial nerve? | Ten (Vagus) |
| Ionotropic receptors are used where? | On postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia/Both divisions |
| Accumulation of rhodopsin is used for what? | Dark adaptation |
| Hyperopia is | Farsightedness |
| Where are the receptors for hearing? | The cochlea |
| What is the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus? | The 1st "way station" in the visual pathway from the eye, after partial crossover of fibers in the optic chiasma |
| The oval window is connected to | The scala vestibuli |
| Optic nerves are formed by the axons of which neuron layers? | Ganglion cells |
| Vision in dim light is controlled by | Rods |
| Hair cells of the basilar membrane near the oval window are stimulated by | High frequency sounds |
| Where is sound generally perceived? | The auditory cortex of the temporal lobe |
| The inferior colliculus is | The part fo the midbrain that functions in audiory reflexes like directing attention to a sound's source |
| Photoreceptors hyperpolarize with | Light stimulation |
| The most common horomone | Peptide/Protein/Amino Acid type |
| What type of horomone binds to membrane receptors & generally uses G-proteins and 2nd messengers for their effects? | Peptides |
| Age related hearing loss is called | Presbycusis |
| What does the horomone ACTH do? | Targets the adrenal cortex & stimulates it to release steroid horomones |
| Where is calcitonin secreted from? | The thyroid gland |
| What horomone moves calcium from blood to bone? | Calcitonin |
| A rise in TH levels in the blood does what to TSH from the pituitary? | Inhibits TSH release |
| Addison's Disease is | Insufficient amounts of adrenal cortex horomones (ex-Aldosterone & Cortisol) |
| Symptoms of Addison's Disease include: | Low blood sodium, low blood sugar & low BP |
| When is Insulin released? | When the body's glucose level rises |
| Where is Insulin systhesized? | Beta cells of the pancreas |
| Humoral stimulation is | An endocrine control system that directly responds to changing blood levels of ions & nutrients |
| Steroid horomones work by | Entering the nucleus & initiating or changing gene expression |
| Where does growth horomone target? | Bones & skeletal muscles |
| The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is | Aldosterone |
| What does the 2nd-messenger mechanism of horomone action involve? | Binding to specific receptors & employing services of G-proteins & cAMP |
| Which horomone enters some cells & binds to intracellular receptors? | Thyroid horomone |
| T/F:Epinephrine is a steroid-based horomone | False |
| Adenohypophysis secretes which horomones | ACTH, FSH & LH |
| Aplastic Anemia is | Destruction of the hematopoietic components of red marrow |
| Blood's normal pH is | About 7.4, Slightly basic |
| AV valves close when | Ventricles contract |
| Which WBC attacks parasitic worms? | Eosinophils |
| Autorhythmic cells show | Gradual, spontaneous depolarizations or pacemakers |
| Atrial depolarization is shown by what on an EKG? | The P wave |
| Normal heart sounds are caused by | Closure of heart valves |
| Blood remaining in the left ventricle when filling has finished is | EDV (End Diastolic Volume) |
| Why is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right? | To pump blood with higher pressure |
| Isovolumetric contraction is | When ventricles are completely closed during ventricular systole |
| Normal stroke volume is | 70mL/beat |
| When is the 2nd heart sound heard? | Isovolumetric Relaxation |
| Norepinephrine acts on heart muscle cells by | Causing threshold to be reached more quickly |
| T/F:The AV valve is NOT part of the conduction system of the heart | True |
| T/F:As aortic pressure rises, more ventricular pressure is needed to open the aortic semilunar valve | True |
| Negative chronotropic factors are | Factors that decrease heart rate |
| Chemoreceptors are | Neurons that detect a drop in O2 levels (or a rise in CO2 levels |
| Myogenic control is | Local response of vascular smooth muscle to passive stretch |
| If ESV increases, CO does what | Decreases |
| The cardioinhibitory center is connected to which nervous system? | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| When blood viscosity increases, peripheral resistance | Increases |
| T/F:Peripheral resistance is inversely proportional to blood vessel radius/diameter | True |
| Pulse pressure is equal to | Systolic pressuer-Diastolic pressure |
| Tachycardia is | Heart rate of over 100 bpm |
| T/F:ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) is a vasoconstrictor | False |
| Which vessel type has the lowest BP? | Veins |
| T/F:Alcohol & Nitric Oxide cause vasodilation | True |
| Where is the speed of blood flow lowest? | Capillaries |
| Why is the speed of blood flow lowest in the capillaries? | They have the largest total cross sectional area |
| What does an increase in blood pressure do to kidney filtration? | Increases kidney filtration rate |
| Alcohol causes | Vasodilation & decreased ADH release |
| An increase in temperature and a drop in pH causes | Vasodilation of local arterioles |
| Where is blood hydrostatic pressure is higher? | Along the entire length of the capillary |
| T/F:Hydrostatic pressure is higher in the interstitial fluid of body tissues than in blood in the capillary | False |
| A higher concentration of solutes in plasma draws water | Toward the capillary |
| T/F:Low oxygen causes vasodilation in pulmonary vessels in the lung | False |
| Pressure within the alveoli is | Intrapulmonary pressure |
| Inspiratory reserve is | Air inspired above tidal volume |
| Tidal volume is | Air exchanged during normal breathing |
| Respiratory control centers are located in the | Medulla & pons |
| Forcing air out of your lungs contracts which muscles? | Internal intercostals & abdominals muscles |
| T/F: Most CO2 is freely dissolved in blood plasma | False |
| O2 & CO2 are exchanged in the lungs via | Diffusion |
| Vital capacity is | Total volume of exchangeable air |
| Dyspnea is | Labored breathing |
| What is cooperative binding? | Oxygen binds to Hb easier if some O2 is already bound to Hb |
| In active muscle, what causes hemoglobin's O2 affinity to decrease? | Increased pCO2, increased temperature, increased BPG & decreased pH |
| Increased depth and force of breathing during vigorus exercise is called | Hyperpnea |
| T/F: Reabsorption of H2O is not horomonally controlled | False |
| The first part of the nephron is | The glomerular capsule |
| The order of blood vessels in the kidney is: | Cortical radiate artery, affterent arteriole, glomerular capillary, efferent arteriole |
| What happens in the loop of Henle? | Passive H20 reabsorption |
| Aquaporins are | Water channels |
| What causes an increase in the number of aquaporins in collecting ducts & distal tubules of the kidneys? | Increased ADH levels |
| Increased urine production and a high rate of fluid could be caused by | Hypertension |
| Hyponatremia is | Low levels of sodium in the blood |
| Hyponatremia causes cells to | Swell |
| What do the kidneys do to counteract respiratory acidosis? | Secrete more H+ |
| What does glomerular hydrostatic pressure do? | Pushes water & solutes out of blood across the filtration membrane |
| The fluid in the glomerular capsule does not contain a significant amount of | Plasma protein |
| The nephron is | The functional and structural unit of the kidneys |
| T/F:The glomerulus is drained by an efferent arteriole | True |
| What do the kidneys produce in response to a decrease in BP? | Renin |
| Water is reabsorbed by the renal tubules via | Osmosis |
| What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? | Net filtration would decrease |
| Fluid-containing compartments (largest to smallest volume) | Intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma |
| T/F:Adipose contains more H2O (per lb) than muscle tissue | False |
| Catabolism is | Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds |
| Gastrin is responsible for | The stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach |
| Acid secretions in the stomach are stimulated by | The presence of protein & peptide fragments |
| T/F: The stomach initiates protein digestion & denatures proteins | True |
| What is the function of bile? | It is released from the gallbladder to emulsify fat the duodenum |
| When does the cephalic phase of gastric secretion occur? | Before food enters the stomach (triggered by aroma, sight or thought) |
| Chemical digestion is | When enzymes split lipids, carbs & proteins via catabolic rxns |
| Trypsin is specific to | Proteins |
| T/F: Saliva contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins | False |
| What enzyme helps digest complex carbs? | Amylase |
| T/F: Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach | True |
| What are Kupffer cells? | Cells in the liver responsible for removing bacteria & worn out cells |
| Tonic receptors are | Pain receptors that don't adapt |
| Where are intrafusal fibers located? | Within muscle spindles |
| A Golgi tendon reflex is | A reflex that causes muscle relaxation & lengthening in response to substantial contraction |
| What reflex arcs does a simple spinal reflex follow? | Receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector |
| When a stretch reflex occurs, the neuron within the reflex arc that has an IPSP is the | Motor neuron innervating the muscle antagonistic to the stretched one |
| In a crossed extensor reflex,the right arm would flex if painfully pinched, but in the left arm | Triceps would contract causing extension |
| How many efferent neurons does the autonomic nervous system have? | Two |
| The "knee jerk" reflex is an example of a | Stretch reflex |
| The effects of sympathetic stimulation are supplemented by | Secretions of the adrenal medulla |
| Skeletal muscle is an effector that is not directly controlled by which nervous system? | The autonomic nervous system |
| T/F: Parasympathetic postganglionic axons are relatively short because they are far from the CNS | True |
| Fibrous proteins are | Very stable & insoluble in H2O |
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kdizzle0812
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