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Physiology Stack
Week 1-6 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The relatively constant state maintained by the body is known as: | Homeostasis |
| Local control or _______, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals. | Autoregulation |
| The normal reading or range is called the: | Set point |
| The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow is called: | Feed-Forward |
| Processes for maintaining or restoring homeostasis are known as: | Homeostatic Control Mechanisms |
| To accomplish self-regulation, a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network is required. This type of network is called a: | Feedback Control Loop |
| Which level of control operates at the cell level, often using genes and enzymes to regulate cell function? | Intracellular Regulation |
| What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference? | Afferent |
| Effectors can be described as: | Organs that directly influence controlled physiological variables |
| The body naturally changes some set points to different values at different times of the day. These daily cycles are called: | Circadian Cycles |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | Accelerate change |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | Viruses |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | The body trying to maintain homeostasis + negative-feedback mechanism |
| Homeostasis can best be described as: | A state of relative constancy |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | The course of disease development |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of: | Positive feedback |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | Autoimmunity |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | Ocurrence, Distribution, and Transmission |
| The body's thermostat is located in the: | Hypothalamus |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: | Maintain homeostasis, minimize changes in blood glucose levels, responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature |
| Any large molecule made up of many identical small molecules is called a: | Polymer |
| RNA and DNA have the: | Same pyrimidine bases and different purine bases |
| What term is often used to describe certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of many organic molecules: | Functional Group |
| Chaperone proteins: | Assist in the proper folding of other proteins for correct functional shape |
| The lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone is: | Prostaglandin |
| In base pairing of DNA molecules, ______ is bound to _______. | Adenine; Thymine |
| All proteins have which four elements? | Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| ATP: | The form of energy that cells generally use |
| The carbon-containing molecules formed by living things are often called: | Organic molecules |
| Which of the following is polymer of glucose that is sometimes referred to as animal starch? | Glycogen |
| What determines how a protein performs? | Shape |
| Which term means "water loving" and applies to the phospholipid head? | Hydrophilic |
| RNA: | Contains ribose sugar Contains adenine Composed of smaller molecules called Nucleotides |
| The term glycoprotein, a combination of two words, tells you that the compound is made of _____, with _____ being the dominant component. | Carbohydrate and Protein; Protein |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | Dehydration Synthesis |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | Fatty acids and Glycerol |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids? | Degree of Saturation |
| In the DNA molecule, a sequence of three base pairs forms a(n): | Codon |
| The two processes of protein synthesis are: | Transcription and Translation |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell? | Cytoplasm |
| In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes move to the opposite ends of the cells along the spindle fibers? | Anaphase |
| Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis into that solution is called _____ pressure. | Osmotic |
| Mitosis is subdivided into four phases: | Prophase, anaphase, metaphase, and telophase |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called a(n): | Allosteric Effector |
| A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction is a(n): | Catalyst |
| Transcription can be described as the: | Synthesis of mRNA |
| Diffuson can be defined as: | The net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
| Proteins that act as catalysts are called: | Enzymes |
| Smooth muscles that produce goose pimples when they contract are the ________ muscles. | Arrector Pili |
| Fingernail growth is the result of the mitosis of the cells in the stratum: | Germinativum |
| The hair follicle is found in the : | Dermis |
| What structure is formed by the union of the basal and reticular lamina? | Basement membrane |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum: | Basale |
| The external portion of the bone is known as: | Cortical bone |
| Bones grow due to activity in the: | Epiphyseal Plates |
| Axial skeletal structure: | Provides framework for muscles that anchor and stabilize the appendicular bones |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | Fontanels |
| The following are functions of bone: | Support, Protection, Mineral storage, Hematopoiesis |
| Which structure allows the electrical signals to travel along the sarcolemma and move deeper into the cell? | Transverse Tubules |
| Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called: | Lactate |
| The muscle’s ability to stretch or extend and to return to its resting length is called: | Extensibility |
| According to the sliding filament theory: | Actin moves past myosin |
| White fibers are also called: | Fast fibers |
| A gliding joint is an example of a: | Multiaxial joint |
| The strength of a muscle contraction is influenced by the: | Amount of load, initial length of muscle fibers, and recruitment of motor units |
| An ion channel that opens in response to a sensory stimulus is a: | Stimulus-Gated Channel |
| The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists restimulation is called the __________ . | Refractory Period |
| The tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon is called a: | Synaptic Knob |
| In a myelinated fiber, the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next. | True |
| There are two types of synapses—the electrical synapse and the __________ synapse. | Chemical |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is: | Nerve Impulse |
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bethnp
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