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Exam 1
Kinesiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anterior | In front or in front part |
| Anteroinferior | In front and below |
| Anteromedial | In front and toward the inner side or midline |
| Anterolateral | In front and to the outside |
| Anteroposterior | Relating to both front and rear |
| Anterosuperior | In front and above |
| Bilateral | Relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right and left extremities |
| Contralateral | Pertaining or relating to the opposite side |
| Deep | Beneath or below the surface; ised to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissues |
| Distal | Situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin |
| Dorsal (Dorsum) | Relating to the back, being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface of; also relating to the top of the foot |
| Fibular | Relating to the (lateral) side of the knee, leg, ankle, or foot; also referred to as peroneal when specifically referring to the lateral leg |
| Inferior (infra) | Below in relation to another structure; caudal |
| Inferolateral | Below and to the outside |
| Inferomedial | Below and toward the midline or inside |
| Ipsilateral | On the same side |
| Lateral | On or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane |
| Medial | Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane |
| Palmar | Relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand |
| Plantar | Relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot |
| Posterior | Behind, in back, or in the rear |
| Posteroinferior | Behind or in back and below |
| Posterolateral | Behind and to one side, specifically to the outside |
| Posteromedial | Behind and to the inner side |
| Posterosuperior | Behind or in back and above |
| Proximal | Nearest the trunk to the point of origin |
| Proximodistal | From the center of the body out toward the distal ends of appendages |
| Radial | Relating to the lateral side of the forearm or hand |
| Scapular Plane | In line with the normal resting position of the scapula as it lies on the posterior rib cage; movements in the scapilar plane are in line with the scapular, which is at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees from the frontal plane |
| Superficial | Near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue |
| Superior (supra) | Above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic |
| Superolateral | Above and to the outside |
| Superomedial | Above and toward the midline or inside |
| Tibial | Relating to the medial side of the knee, leg, ankle, or foot |
| Ulnar | Relating to the medial side of the forearm or hand |
| Ventral | Relating to the belly or abdomen , on or toward the front, anterior part of |
| Volar | Relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot |
| Valgus | Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint in the frontal plane (knock-knees) |
| Varus | Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint in the frontal plane, (bowlegs) |
| Sagittal Plane | Flexion and extension (Frontal Axis) |
| Frontal/ lateral plane | Abduction and adduction (sagittal axis) |
| Transverse/ horizontal plane | Rotation (Vertical axis) |
| Axis | Joint |
| Typically the more planes of motion__________ | the less stable |
| Movement occurs in a _____ and around an ______ | plane; axis |
| Most likely to have injury when movement/ motion occurs occurs in _____ than one plane. | More |
| Diagonal motion: | Movement/ motion in more than one plane |
| Adduction: | close to midline |
| Abduction: | Away from midline |
| What makes a sesamoid bone a sesamoid bone? | Encapsulated around a muscle or tendon |
| Appendicular skeleton | upper and lower extremities |
| Axial skeleton | Head neck trunk |
| Skeletal Functions: | -Support to maintain posture - movement by serving as points of attchment for muscles and acting as levers |
| Diaphysis | Long cylindrical shaft |
| Periosteum | Covers the diaphysis - dense fibrous membrane |
| Epiphysis | ends of long bones |
| Epiphyseal plate | Growth plate - Thin cartilage plate that separates diaphysis and epiphysis |
| Articular (hyaline) cartilage | Covers the epiphysis |
| Articular cartilage function | reduce friction |
| Articulation joint | where two bones join together |
| What are the 3 classifications of joints? | -Synarthrodial -Amphairthrodial -diarthrodial |
| Synarthrodial joint are ______ _______. | Immovable joints |
| Anatomical example of a synarthrodial joint. | Sutures of the skull |
| Ampiarthrodial | Slightly moveable joints |
| 3 types of amphiarthrodial joints include: | - syndesmosis - synchondrosis - symphysis |
| Anatomical example of a Syndesmosis: | -coracoclavicular joint - distal tibiofibular joint -high ankle sprain |
| Anatomical example of symphysis: | Symphysis pubis and intevertebral discs |
| Anatomical example of Synchondrosis | Costochondral joints of the ribs with the sternum |
| Diarthrodial (synovial) joints are: | highly mobile joints lubricated with synovial fluid - motion possible in more than one places |
| Degrees of freedom: 1 degree of freedom | Motion in 1 plane |
| Degrees of freedom: 2 degrees of freedom | motion in 2 planes |
| Degree of freedom: 3 degrees of freedom | motion in 3 planes |
| Degrees of freedom: multiple degrees of freedom | Motion in multiple plane (motion is more than 3 planes) |
| T or F more motion a joint has the less stable | True |
| All diarthrodial joints have a _____ ______. | Joint capsule |
| What is the function of the joint capsule? | -reduce friction -provide nutrition |
| What are the 6 types of diarthrodial joints? | -Arthrodial - Ginglymus -Trochoid -Condyloid -Enarthrodial -Sellar |
| Arthrodial joint (gliding) are the ______ stable diarthrodial joint. | Most |
| Arthrodial joint are _____. | uniaxial |
| Muscle is ______ stability. | dynamic |
| The only motion possible for a ginglymus joint is ______ and ______. | Flexion and extension |
| A ginglymus joint is _____. | Uniaxial |
| Anatomical example of an arthrodial joint is: | Intercaral and intertarsal joints |
| Anatomical example of a Ginglymus joint is: | Elbow |
| The motion of a trochoid joint is _______. | Rotation (pronation/supination_ |
| A trochoid joint is ______. | Uniaxial |
| Anatomical example of a Trochoid joint is: | Distal radio-ulnar joint |
| A condyloid is a ______ and _______ joint. | Ball and socket |
| A condyloid joint is ______. | Biaxial |
| Anatomical example of a condyloid joint: | Metacarpal phalangeal joints |
| An enarthrodial joint is _____ stable, and goes through _______ planes. | very; multiple |
| Kinesiology | study of motion or human movement |
| Anatomical kinesiology | study of motion or human musculoskeletal system and musculotendinous system |
| Biomechanics | application of mechanical physics to human motion |
| An anatomical example of a enarthrodial joint: | hip and shoulder |
| A sellar joint is a _______. | triaxial |
| Anatomical example of a sellar joint: | 1st carpometacarpal joint at thumb |
| What is the purpose of the sellar joint? | Allows the thump to grip |
| Osteokinematic motion is _______ that occurs within a _______. | motion; plane |
| What are 5 examples of osteokinematic motion examples? | Felxion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation |
| Arthrokinematic motion is ______ between ______ _______ of a joint. | Motion; articular surfaces |
| What are 4 examples of a arthrokinematic motion examples? | roll, spin, glide, slide |
| T or F can't have osteokinematic motion without arthrokinematic motion. | True |
| Muscles provide ____ and _____, but also ______ _______. | posture and support; dynamic stability |
| What is responsible for movement of body and all of its joints? | Skeletal muscles |
| What muscle contraction produces force that causes joint movement? | Skeletal muscles |
| When muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion this is called? | Aggregate muscle action |
| Muscle property of being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli is defined as? | Irritability/ excitability |
| ______ is the ability to contract and develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated. | Contractility |
| ______ is the ability of muscle to be stretched beyond its normal resting length. | Extensibility |
| ______ is the ability of muscle to return to its original length following stretching. | Elasticity |
| ______ is the ability of muscle to reach a new length following stretch. | Plasticity |
| _______ is pertaining usually to muscles within or belonging solely to body part upon which they act. | Intrinsic |
| _______ is pertaining usually to muscles that arise or originate outside of (proximal to) body part upon which they act. | Extrinsic |
| _____ is the specific movement of the joint resulting from a concentric contraction of a muscle which crosses the joint. | Action |
| ______ occurs in the segment of nervous system responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle. | innervation |
| What is the belly or central, fleshy portion, of the muscle? | Belly |
| What connection muscle to bone? | Tendon (dynamic) |
| What is the proximal attachment of a muscle, usually the least moveable part? | Origin |
| What is the distal attachment of the muscle, also the most moveable attachment? | Insertion |
| When an active tension is developed in a muscle as a result of a stimulus, it is known as a ______. | Contraction |
| During a concentric contraction the muscle _____ and ______ movement. | shortens; causes |
| During a eccentric contraction the muscle _____ and ______ movement. | Lengthens; controls |
| Isometric contraction as ___ _______ in muscle length and _____ movement. | no change; prevents |
| Concentric and eccentric movements are _____ activities. | Isotonic |
| The same muscle causes ____ and _____ contraction. | Concentric; eccentric |
| Under ideal circumstances the ______ should be twice as long as _____ | eccentric; concentric |
| ______ muscles, when contracting concentrically, cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion. | Agonist (excludes eccentric) |
| _______ muscles have the opposite concentric action from the agonists. | Antagonist |
| The ______ muscles work in cooperation with agonist muscles by relaxing and allowing movement. | Antagonist |
| _______ surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move. (Isometric Contraction) | Stabilizers |
| _______are muscles that assist in the action of the agonist but are not necessarily prime movers for the action. | Synergist |
| _______ counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesirable movements such as inappropriate muscle substitutions. | Neutralizers |
| Antagonist muscle groups must relax and lengthen when the agonist muscle group contracts. This effect is called _____ _______. | Reciprocal inhibition |
| When the muscle becomes shortened to the point where it cannot generate or maintain active tension, ______ _______ is reached. (agonist muscle) | Active insufficiency |
| The opposing muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen and allow movement, ______ _______ is reached. (Antagonist muscle) | Passive insufficiency |
| Muscles and tendons are ______ ________. | Dynamic stabilizers |
| Bone, capsules, cartilage, and ligaments are _____ ______. | Static stabilizers |
| What makes a sesamoid bone a sesamoid bone? | Encapsulated around a muscle or tendon |
| Body regions is also known as the _____. | Skeleton |
Created by:
audbennett
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