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Fracture/Bone Repair
Ch 6: Anatomy of Bones- Pt 6 (Fractures and Bone Repair)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What 2 types of fractures deal with the position of bone ends? | Nondisplaced and displaced |
| What is a nondisplaced fracture? | The bone is still aligned |
| What is a displaced fracture? | The bone is out of alignment |
| What 2 types of fractures deal with the completeness of a break? | Complete and incomplete |
| What is a complete break? | The bone is broken clean through |
| What is an incomplete break? | The bone is not broken clean through |
| What 2 types of fractures deal with the orientation to the axis of the bone? | linear and transverse |
| What is a linear fracture? | The break is parallel to the long axis of the bone |
| What is a transverse fracture? | The break is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone |
| What 2 types of fractures deal with the level of penetration of the skin? | Compound and simple |
| What is a compound fracture? | The break penetrates through the skin (open) |
| What is a simple fracture? | The break does not penetrate the skin and is contained (closed) |
| What is reduction? | Treatment for fracture |
| What are the 2 ways to realign a bone? | Closed alignment and open alignment |
| What is closed alignment? | External use of doctor’s/ surgeons hands |
| What is open alignment? | The bone is realigned surgically with pins, wires, and traction |
| What are the common 6 types of fractures? | Comminuted, greenstick, epiphyseal, depressed, spiral, and compression |
| What is a comminuted fracture? | When the bone breaks into 3 fragments of more. It’s most common in the elderly and is often caused by severe trauma |
| What is a greenstick fracture? | It’s an incomplete break and is common in children |
| What is a epiphseal fracture? | When the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis at the epiphyseal plate or line |
| What is a depressed fracture? | It’s pressed inward and is a typical skull fracture |
| What is a spiral fracture? | It’s ragged, twisting, and is mostly caused by sports injuries |
| What is a compression fracture? | When the bones are crushed. It’s most common in the elderly and is caused by severe trauma |
| How do you know if a bone is broken? | - Pain-especially when weight is put on it or it doesn’t get better - Swelling - Numbness and tingling - Bruising - Deformity - Snapping sound - Bone protruding from skin - Nausea and feeling faint - Passing out - Chill (shock) |
| What is the 1st step of bone repair? | Hematoma formation: bone cells die, inflammation (blood brought to site), swollen and painful |
| What is the 2nd step of bone repair? | Fibrocartilaginous callus formation: (soft callus forms splint) - capillaries grow into hematoma (granulation tissue) - phagocytes clean up debris - fibroblasts and osteoblasts reconstruct bone |
| What is the 3rd step of bone repair? | Bony callus formation: within a week - new bone trabeculae appears - soft callus converted to bony callus (spongy bone) - takes 2 months to form firm union |
| What is the 4th step of bone repair? | Bone remodeling: takes several months - bony callus is remodeled - excess material in diaphysis is removed - compact bone reconstructs shaft walls - bone is repaired |
| What are the homeostatic imbalances between bone depositing and bone resorption? | Osteomalacia, rickets, and osteoporosis |
| What is osteomalacia? | Known as “soft bones” because osteoid is produced but no calcium salts |
| What is rickets? | Osteomalacia in children. More severe in children than in adults because kids’ bones are still growing |
| What does rickets cause in children? | Bowed legs, deformities in skull, hips and ribs |
| What is osteoporosis? | When bone resorption outpaces bone depositing. Bones are full of holes and break easily/ fragile. Bones can break from something like stepping off a curve or a hearty sneeze. There is loss of bone mass. |
| Where does osteoporosis happen the most? | In postmenopausal women |
| What are the common places for fractures in bones with osteoporosis? | Vertebrae and femur neck (hips) |
| What are some factors for osteoporosis (Pt. 1)? | - Decreased sex hormones (menopause) - Petite body - Caucasian, Asian - Lack of stress to bones, immobility - Poor diet (Ca) - Abnormal vitamin D receptors - Smoking (reduces estrogen levels and Ca absorption) |
| What are some factors for osteoporosis (Pt. 2) | - Hormone related Diabetes & hyperthyroidism - Alcohol and certain medications- steroids or cancer drugs - Prevention or delayed- adequate diet & load bearing exercise - Paget’s Disease |
| What is Paget’s Disease? | Excessive and haphazard bone depositing and resorption. Bone is made too fast, too much spongy bone is made, and mineralization is reduced. |
| When does Paget’s Disease rarely occur? | Before 40 |
| What is the cause of Paget’s Disease? | It is unknown |
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