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Jessica C/Physiology
Physiology wk 8-14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The _____ consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus and form the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls. | hypothalamus |
| The cortex is capable of storing and retrieving information from both short-term and long-term | memory. |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of sympathetic stimulation? | constriction of the bronchioles |
| Many cerebral functions have typical locations. This fact is known as | cerebral localization. |
| The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex is the | central sulcus. |
| Which region of the brain plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness? | thalamus |
| The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the | motor program. |
| A _____ is a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve. | myotome |
| Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters, | norepinephrine and acetylcholine. |
| Mixed cranial nerves contain axons of | sensory and motor neurons. |
| Each skin surface area supplied by sensory fibers of a given spinal nerve is a | dermatome. |
| Another name for the parasympathetic nervous system is the nervous system. | craniosacral |
| The most numerous cerebral tracts are the | association tracts. |
| The somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways _____ the CNS. | voluntary; outside |
| A reflex consists of either a muscle contraction or a | glandular secretion. |
| Acetylcholine binds to _____ receptors. | cholinergic |
| The two main types of adrenergic receptors are | alpha and beta. |
| The _____ is an extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot. | Babinski sign |
| Which of the following is NOT correct? | Sympathetic preganglionic axons pass along the dorsal root of certain spinal nerves. |
| If the center of a reflex arc is the brain, the response it mediates is called a | cranial reflex. |
| The reticular activating system maintains | consciousness. |
| The _____ nerve transmits impulses that result in sensations of equilibrium. | vestibular |
| The second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum, is the | cerebellum. |
| Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they | continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors |
| Tongue movement is controlled by which cranial nerve? | hypoglossal |
| “Fight or flight” physiological changes include all of the following EXCEPT | constriction of respiratory airways. |
| The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is | relaxation. |
| The action of acetylcholine is quickly terminated by its being hydrolyzed by the enzyme | acetylcholinesterase. |
| The limbic system integrates | emotion. |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell? | olfactory |
| A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP? | Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated. |
| Which hormone is released by the pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland? | thyrotropin |
| Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands is responsible for mobilization of energy stores? | Cortisol |
| What should you avoid doing in the middle of your sleep cycle that would lower melatonin? | turning on the lights |
| What goes wrong in the function of insulin in type 2 diabetes? | the cells don't respond to insulin like they should |
| Which ear structures are responsible for the amplification and transfer of sound from the external ear to the inner ear? | The ossicles |
| Where do frequencies—from high to low pitches—cause activity in the hair cells within the cochlear duct? | between the base and the apex of the cochlea |
| Specialized cells in the retina called ganglion cells convert the light rays into ________________. | electrical signals |
| When the right cornea senses a tactile stimulus, what happens to the left eye? | blinks |
| In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of | prothrombin activator. |
| The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is | hemoglobin |
| All of the following are granulocytes except | lymphocytes. |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen. |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis. |
| The free edges of the atrioventricular valves are anchored to the | papillary muscles. |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart? | Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins. | receiving chambers |
| The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called the | pericardium. |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node. |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the | endothelium. |
| A type of abnormal heart sound that may signify incomplete closing of the valves is | a heart murmur. |
| From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood? | coronary arteries |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? | foramen ovale |
| The _____ is(are) supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery. | head and upper extremities |
| Which layer of the larger blood vessels is made up of endothelium? | tunica intima |
| Renal veins drain blood from the | kidneys. |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica | adventitia. |
| Which sphincters function as regulatory valves that reduce the flow of blood through a network of capillaries when they contract and constrict the arterioles? | precapillary sphincters |
| Which types of arteries are also called conducting arteries and include the aorta? | elastic arteries |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics. |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? | blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions |
| _____ shock results from a condition in which infectious agents release toxins into the blood. | Septic |
| What functions as an emergency mechanism when hypoxia or hypercapnia endangers the stability of the internal environment? | chemoreceptor reflex |
| Blood pressure is measured with the aid of an apparatus known as a(n) | sphygmomanometer. |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| Lymph is filtered by the | lymph nodes |
| The lymphatic organs produce | lymphocytes |
| The purpose of the lymphatic system is to | fight against infection |
| Fluid that is clear, watery and contains protein molecules, salts, and other substances is called | intercellular fluid |
| The lymphatic system is made up of lymphatic vessels where lymph flows in only one direction towards | the heart |
| The T cell is considered | the communicator |
| Millions of B cells release millions of | antibodies |
| The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration is called _____ volume. | tidal |
| The exit of the bicarbonate ion from the red blood cell is balanced by the inward transport of another negative ion, chloride. This countertransport of negative ions is often called the _____ shift. | chloride |
| Which oxygen-binding protein helps move oxygen out of the blood and into muscle cells? | myoglobin |
| The apparatus used to measure the volume of air exchanged in breathing is called a(n) | spirometer. |
| A right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide is also known as | the bohr effect |
| The forced expiratory volume test can determine the presence of respiratory obstruction by measuring the | volume of air expired per second during forced expiration. |
| Oxygen enters blood from alveolar air because the partial pressure of alveolar air is | greater than the partial pressure of incoming blood. |
| What variations exist in the body to temporarily store or carry oxygen? | neuroglobin, myoglobin and fetal hemoglobin |
| The basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration seems to be generated by the | medullary rhythmicity area |
| An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes | a drop in pH in the blood. |
| Spirometry is used to measure all of the following EXCEPT: | Total lung capacity |
| The amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood each minute depends on which factor? | oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood, total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane, respiratory minute volume, and alveolar ventilation |
| The ability of the lungs and thorax to stretch is referred to as | compliance. |
| The mechanism that produces pulmonary ventilation is one that establishes a gas pressure gradient between the | atmosphere and the alveolar air. |
| Pressure gradients are established by changes in the | thoracic cavity. |
| More than two-thirds of the carbon dioxide carried by blood is carried in the form of | bicarbonate ions. |
| According to the law of partial pressures, the partial pressure of gas in a mixture of gases is | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and to the total pressure of the mixture. |
| The exact amount of oxygen in blood depends mainly on the amount of | hemoglobin. |
| Hyperpnea means a(n) | increase in breathing. |
| When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, some of the carbon dioxide molecules associate with water to form | carbonic acid. |
| Which structural feature facilitates oxygen diffusion from the alveolar air into the blood in lung capillaries? | The alveolar and capillary walls are both very thin, the alveolar and capillary surfaces are both extremely large, the lung capillaries accommodate a large amount of blood at one time and each red blood cell comes close to alveolar air. |
| During the respiratory cycle, intrapleural pressure is always less than alveolar pressure. This difference is called | transpulmonary pressure. |
| _____ law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. | Boyle’s |
| The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin is | carbaminohemoglobin. |
| In what form does oxygen travel in the blood? | dissolved oxygen in the plasma and associated with hemoglobin |
| The _____ represents the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs. | vital capacity |
| The sensors that provide feedback information to the medullary rhythmicity area are the | central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors. |
| Which term refers to the volume of inspired air that actually reaches, or “ventilates,” the alveoli? | alveolar ventilation |
| An obstructive lung disorder that is characterized by recurring spasms of the smooth muscles in the wall of the bronchial air passages is | asthma. |
| During inspiration, as the size of the thorax increases, the | intrapleural and alveolar pressures decrease. |
| Chemical digestion requires the secretion of _____ into the lumen of the GI tract. | digestive enzymes and bile |
| The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by which hormones? | CCK and secretin |
| The process of deglutition includes all of the following except the _____ stage. | laryngeal |
| Fats and other nutrients in the duodenum stimulate the intestinal mucosa to release a hormone called | gastric inhibitory peptide. |
| _____ is the passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph. | Absorption |
| Stimulation of gastric juice secretion occurs in all of the following phases except the _____ phase. | digestive |
| During which stage of swallowing is there a risk of food entering respiratory pathways? | Oropharyngeal |
| The act of expelling feces is called | defecation. |
| Because fats are insoluble in water, they must be | emulsified |
| CCK is an intestinal hormone that | causes the pancreas to increase secretion of exocrine high in enzymatic content, opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells, and stimulates contraction of the gallbladder so that bile can pass into the duodenum. |
| Saliva contains the enzyme | amylase. |
| What percentage of this blood flow comes from the hepatic portal system? | 80% |
| Peristalsis is regulated in part by the intrinsic stretch reflexes. It is also thought to be stimulated by the hormone | cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| The wave-like ripple of the muscle layer of the GI tract is called | peristalsis. |
| The chemical process in which a compound unites with water and then splits into simpler compounds is called | hydrolysis. |
| Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid, which is produced by the _____ of the gastric glands. | parietal cells |
| The final step in lipid transport by the intestines is the formation of | chylomicrons. |
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