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Physiology Bb Quiz 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Extracellular fluid composition | Extracellular fluid bathes cells and acts as a buffer between cells and the outside world 140 mM Na+, 4 mM K+ |
| Intracellular fluid composition | Cytoplasm 14 mM Na+, 140 mM K+, high protein |
| Interstitial fluid | Fluid portion of the blood Low Protein |
| Plasma | Fluid portion of the blood High protein |
| An increase in error signal will _____________ the strength of the motor output | Increase |
| Error Signal | How far away from set point the variable has moved |
| Negative feedback | Returns variable toward set pint |
| Positive feedback | Response pushes variable away from set point Ex:// Child birth (contractions) |
| Agonist | Binding to receptor stimulates signal pathway Increases magnitude of the response |
| Antagonist | Binding to receptor does NOT stimulate signaling pathway Decreases magnitude of the response |
| Increasing the number of receptors bound by ligand _____________ the strength of the response | Increases |
| Upregulation | Increase receptor number, increase ligand binding |
| Downregulation | Decrease receptor number, decrease ligand binding |
| If all receptors are bound by ligand how can you increase the strength of the signal? | Increase the number of receptors so more ligand can bind |
| For a cell generating a submaximal response an increase in ligand half life will _____________ the response of that cell | Increase |
| For a cell generating a submaximal response an increase in ligand excretion will _____________ the response of that cell | Decrease |
| For a cell generating a submaximal response an increase in the receptors for a ligand will _____________ the response of that cell | Increase |
| For a cell generating a submaximal response an increase in the agonist concentration will _____________ the response of that cell | Increase |
| For a cell generating a submaximal response an increase in antagonist concentration will _____________ the response of that cell | Decrease |
| For a cell generating a submaximal response an increase in ligand binding protein concentration will _____________ the response of that cell (by its impact on free ligand concentration) | Decrease |
| How can you increase the strength of the ligand response in a cell that is stimulated to 75% of its maximal response? | Increase receptor agonist concentration Increase ligand half life |
| How can you decrease the strength of the ligand response in a cell that is stimulated to 75% of its maximal response? | Increasing receptor antagonist concentration Decrease receptor agonist concentration Increase ligand excretion |
| An increase in _________ increases rate of diffusion | Surface Area Concentration gradient Permeability (Lipid soluble diffuse directly across-- water soluble require proteins in membrane) |
| An increase in __________ decreases rate of diffusion | Membrane thickness |
| Uniporter | One molecule at a time- either direction (down gradient) |
| Symporter | Two or more molecules-- All molecules move in the same direction |
| Antiporter | Two or more molecules-- Molecules move in different directions (One in, one out) |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Passive Transport (No energy) down the gradient |
| Primary active transport | ATP binds to transporter to drive ions against concentration gradient Ex://Na/K ATPase-- primary moves both ions against their gradient |
| Secondary active transport | Movement of ion (primary) drives another molecule against its gradient |
| Osmolarity | Number of molecules in solution |
| If you increase osmolarity you ___________ water concentration | Decrease More molecules/volume means less water/volume |
| Iso-osmotic solution | 300 mOsm- no NET water movement |
| Hypo-osmotic solution | <300 mOsm- water moves inward Cell swells |
| Hyperosmotic solution | >300 mOsm- water moves outward Cell shrinks |
| Iso-osmotic solution is _______tonic | Isotonic- No change in volume |
| Hypo-osmotic solution is _______tonic | Hypotonic- Cell volume increases (swell) |
| Hyperosmotic solution is _______tonic | Hypertonic- Cell volume decreases (shrink) |
| Solution is always _____________ if solute is permeable | Hypotonic *Urea* |
| The GLUT transporter is a uniporter that moves glucose _________ | Inward or outward depending upon the concentration gradient |
| The Na-H exchanger is a secondary active antiporter that moves H _________ | Outward |
| The Na-Cl-HCO3 exchanger is a secondary active antiporter that moves Cl and HCO3 _________ | Outward |
| The Na-glucose cotransporter is a secondary active symporter that moves glucose _________ | Inward |
| The Ca-H pump is a primary active antiporter that moves H _________ ([Ca] higher outside cell) | Inward |
| Autocrine | Self (cell talking to itself) |
| Paracrine | Neighboring (interstitium) |
| Endocrine | Blood transports to rest of body |
| A _________ water soluble ligand impacts neighboring cells by altering _________ | Paracrine: enzyme activity |
| A _________ water soluble ligand impacts the cell that released it by altering _________ | Autocrine; enzyme activity |
| A _________ water soluble ligand impacts cells in other organs of the body by altering _________ | Endocrine: enzyme activity |
| A _________ lipid soluble ligand impacts neighboring cells by altering _________ | Paracrine: protein expression |
| A _________ lipid soluble ligand impacts the cell that released it by altering _________ | Autocrine: protein expression |
| A _________ lipid soluble ligand impacts cells in other organs of the body by altering _________ | Endocrine: Protein expression |
Created by:
trinann04
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