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Kandina Orallo
Weeks 7-13 Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does the Cardiovascular System comprise? | It comprises the heart and Blood Vessels (arteries & veins). |
| What is the cardiovascular System responsible for? | It is responsible for perfusion. |
| What is perfusion? | It is the transportation of 02 to body organs & tissues. |
| How should the arteries be to oxygenate cells? | The arteries must be patent so that the pumped blood can reach the rest of the body. |
| what happens when there are diseases or problems in the CVS? | oxygenation and perfusion decrease resulting in life |
| The heart is located in the ___. | -mediastinum |
| The base is the___portion of the heart. | -proximal |
| The base attaches the ____and lies beneath the 2nd rib. | -great vessels |
| The Apex of the heart... | -bluntly pointing leftward, lies on the diaphragm muscle, and is located at the 5th ICS. |
| Pericardium | a serous membrane that surrounds the heart. |
| The wall of the heart is composed of... | Three layers of muscle. |
| The layers of muscle in the wall of the heart are: | Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium. |
| The EPICARDIUM is the outer layer of the heart that reduces_____from the surrounding organs. | Friction |
| Myocardium | cardiac muscle tissue that makes up the bulk of the heart. |
| Endocardium | lines all heart chambers and covers the heart valves. |
| Deoxygenated Blood returns to the heart via the | superior and inferior vena cava. |
| Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium via the______. | Pulmonary Veins |
| Bradycardia | Steady contractions below 60 BPM |
| Ventricular Fibrilation | a complete lack of organized electric impulses. |
| Arteries | Thick |
| Arterioles | Smallest arteries |
| Caplillaries | Smallest vessels |
| Venules | Small thin |
| Veins | Carry blood TOWARD the heart |
| Neurotransmitters: Fast acting (acute CNS response) | Acetylcholine plus: amines or amino acids. |
| What are the amine neuro transmitters? | dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonnin |
| What are the amino acid neurotransmitters? | aspartate, GABA, glutamate, and glycine |
| What are the slow acting neurotransmitters? | Peptides: ACTH, ADH, and substance P |
| How do the slow active neurotransmitters work? | Proteins are inbedded in cell membranes of neurons, usually postsynaptically. The neurotransmitters must bind to receptors to exert an effect on the next neuron in the chain. (They synthesize (increase) and degrade (decrease) as needed. |
| Which neurotransmission system exerts excitory effects at the nerve muscle junctions, and inhibitory effects at some peripheral sites? | The Cholinergenic system (acetylcholine) |
| What is a disease caused by the destruction of dopamine-producing neurons? | Parkinson's Disease |
| What is a precursor to epinephrin/norepinephrine? | dopamine --it's actions depend on the subtype of receptor. May be inhibitory or excitatory. |
| What is synthesized in the brain and spinal cord in abundant amounts and is a major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS? | GABA, in the GABA-ergic system |
| What does hypoglycemia cause? | mental confusion, dizziness, loss of consciousness, seizures, coma, and death |
| What is required for the production and use of glucose? | Thiamine (important b/c glucose is the energy source for the brain). |
| Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters, | norepinephrine and acetylcholine |
| Which of the following is NOT correct? | Sympathetic preganglionic axons pass along the dorsal root of certain spinal nerves |
| The second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum | is the cerebellum. |
| The _____ nerve transmits impulses that result in sensations of equilibrium. | vestibular |
| A _____ is a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve. | myotome |
| The most numerous cerebral tracts are the | association tracts |
| The limbic system integrates | emotion |
| The cortex is capable of storing and retrieving information from both short | term and long |
| Which region of the brain plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness? | thalamus |
| “Fight or flight” physiological changes include all of the following EXCEPT | constriction of respiratory airways |
| The action of acetylcholine is quickly terminated by its being hydrolyzed by the enzyme | acetylcholinesterase |
| Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they | continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors |
| The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is | relaxation. |
| The reticular activating system maintains | consciousness |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of sympathetic stimulation? | constriction of the bronchioles |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell? | olfactory |
| The two main types of adrenergic receptors are | alpha and beta |
| The somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways _____ the CNS | voluntary; outside |
| Mixed cranial nerves contain axons of | sensory and motor neurons |
| All of the following cranial nerves are involved in proprioception except the: | vagus |
| The cerebellum acts with the _____ to produce skilled movement. | cerebrum |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| Propranolol is an example of a: beta blocker. drug used to treat irregular heartbeats. drug used to treat hypertension. | All of the above are correct |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: | increased heart rate. |
| How does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector? | A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the sympathetic division |
| Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber may: | synapse with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron. send ascending and/or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia. pass through one or more ganglia without synapsing. |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | medulla. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| Damage to the _____ nerve could make the diaphragm unable to function. | phrenic |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
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Kandina123
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