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Form. of Bony Skeltn

Formation of Bony Skeleton

QuestionAnswer
Before week eight in utero, what is the human embryo constructed entirely of? Fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage
What happens in week eight of utero? Bone tissues begin to develop and replace cartilage
What is ossification? Bone formation
What is another name for ossification? Osteogenesis
What are the two types of ossification? Intramembranous and endochondral
What is intramembranous ossification? Fibrous membrane to bone. Happens in flat bones and creates membranous bone
What is endochondral ossification? Hyaline cartilage to bone. Creates endochondral bone. Hyaline cartilage is used as a model
Which bones are formed from endochondral ossification? Almost all bones below the skull besides the clavicles
What is the primary ossification center? Center of diaphysis
What happens in the primary ossification center and is the first step of ossification? Blood vessels infiltrate, perichondrium becomes vascular, stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts and osteocytes form from mescenchymal cells
What is the second step of ossification? Bone collar forms around cartilage diaphysis around the eighth week of development
What is the third step of ossification? Cartilage inside the diaphysis calcifies and then cavitates (chondrocytes die and openings form). Cartilage at the ends remain healthy and grow (elongate bone)
What is the fourth step of ossification? Periosteal bud creates spongy bone
What is the fifth step of ossification The epiphyses ossify around or after birth, hyaline cartilage remains only at epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
How do bones grow during infancy and youth? Long bones lengthen by interstitial growth at epiphyseal plates
All bones widen by what kind of growth? Appositional growth
What is the resting zone of bone growth? Inactive cartilage on the epiphysis side of the epiphyseal plate. Cartilage cells form stacks below this zone
What is the proliferation zone of bone growth? It’s the growth zone and end of the stack near the epiphysis where mitosis occurs and cells push away from the diaphysis
What is the hypertrophic zone of bone growth? Older chondrocytes closer to diaphysis hypertrophy or enlarge
What is the calcification zone of bone growth? Close to diaphysis, older cells die and calcify
What is the ossification zone of bone growth? Compact and spongy bone growth
Why does bone remodeling occur? To keep proportion
What are osteoclasts used in? Bone resorption
When does chondrocyte formation slow? At the end of adolescence
When do the epiphyseal plates thin and close to form a line in females? At age eighteen
When do the epiphyseal plates thin and close to form a line in males? At age twenty-one
What causes bones to thicken? Excessive muscle stress or body weight
What is bone growth regulated by? Growth hormone produced in anterior pituitary gland
What controls proportion in bone growth? The thyroid
What causes spurt at puberty and sexual differences in skeleton? Sex hormones
What causes the epiphysis and diaphysis to fuse and stop bone growth? Hormones
What is gigantism caused by? Usually causes by a tumor on the pituitary gland
What negative effects does gigantism have on the body? Puts stress on heart and skeletal system
What is achondroplasia? A genetic condition that causes abnormal cartilage and endochondral bone growth
Created by: user-1776703
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