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Physiology Ch. 29
Pregnancy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Embryogenesis | Fertilized egg completes meiosis II. Large cell now undergoes mitosis |
| Egg is usually fertilized in the _____ of _____. | Ampulla, uterine tubes |
| Totipotent | Stem cells that have the capacity to develop into any cell or membrane. These are the cells from early mitosis from ovum. |
| _____ maintains contraction of uterus sm where uterine tubes enter it. | Estrogen |
| ______ stops uterus from contracting so ovum can implant. | Progesterone |
| Blastomeres | Totipotent cells from mitosis of ovum |
| Morula | 16 cell state of oocyte (mitosis is occuring). Develops fluid-filled blastocyst cavity |
| Blastocyst | Contains trophoblast, inner cell mass, and central fluid-filled cavity. Cells from mitosis drift to poles at embryo and become destined to nerves/muscles/etc. Morula becomes this when sodium channels open and cells fill with fluid. |
| Cleavage | Series of mitotic division. This forms blastomeres |
| Trophoblast | Outer ring of cells surrounding blastiocytic cavity; will form chorion -> placenta. Releases enzymes to embed in uterus. |
| Embryoblast | Packed cells within one side of blastocyst that will form embryo proper. Cells become pluripotent -> able to develop into any TISSUE |
| At implantation, the trophoblast | Differentiates into two layers (cytotrophoblast and syncytotrophoblast) |
| At implantation, cells of inner cell mass (embryoblast) | Differentiate into two layers (hypoblast and epiblast). Will become embryo proper |
| Week 2 | Week of tubes |
| Implantation occurs at | Day 7-9 |
| Syncytiotrophoblast | From trophoblast, produces hCG to maintain corpus luteum. Ensures implantation. Outer multinucleated zone without distinct cell boundaries => cells are fused together |
| Mesoderm | Formed from bilaminar embryonic disc. Forms all ct |
| Ectoderm | Epidermis, CNS, and PNS formed from it. Epiblast forms it |
| Endoderm | Epithelium in GI, hypoblast forms it. |
| Hypoblast | Layer of small cuboidal cells adjacent to the blastocyst cavity |
| Pluripotent | Cells that can develop into any TISSUE |
| Compaction | Process by which contact between cells is increased to the maximum |
| Epiblast | Layer of columnar cells adjacent to the amniotic cavity |
| Bilaminar embryonic disc | Hypoblast and epiblast |
| Trilaminar embryonic disc | Formed from bilaminar during gastrulation |
| Extraembryonic membranes | Protects embryo and assists in nutrition, gas exchange, and removal of waste. Formed around week 3-4 |
| Amnion | Type of extraembryonic membrane that forms amniotic sac; inner. Fills with fluid to cushion embryo |
| Chorion | Type of extraembryonic membrane that forms placenta, formed by cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. Is outermost |
| Connecting stalk | Becomes umbilical cord |
| Placenta | Feto-maternal organ. Protection, nutrition, respiration, excretion, hormone production. Highly vascular, using umbilical vein and artery |
| ______ is completely embedded in ______. | Conceptus, endometrium |
| Umbilical vein | Transports OXYGENATED blood from uterine maternal artery to embryo |
| Umbilical artery | Transports DEOXYED blood from embryo to placenta (maternal uterine vein) |
| Chorionic villi | Formed from chorion, in placenta. Contains branches of umbilical vessels for GAS EXCHANGE. |
| Fetal side border of placenta | Chorionic plate |
| Maternal side border of placenta | Decidua basalis. Where implementation takes place. |
| Intervillous space | Maternal blood fills spaces between chorionic villi for gas exchange. Within placenta. |
| There is normally_______ between mom and baby's blood; placenta membranes _____. | No mixing, imperfectly protect |
| ______ can cross placenta membranes. | Immunoglobin G (IgG) |
| Amniocentesis | Testing amniotic fluid |
| Concentrations of progesterone and estrogen _____ throughout pregnancy. | Increase |
| HPL | Produced by trophoblast cells of placenta to make more glucose available for baby (makes less insulin happen) |
| Relaxin | Produced by placenta, relaxes blood vessels and tendons of mom for better birth |
| HCT | Thyroid hormone of placenta to increase metabolic rate of mom |
| CRH | Promotes fluid retention and edema. Aldosterone is increased in mother. Role in length of pregnancy and timing of childbirth |
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone | Nipples and areola darken. From anterior pituitary |
| During pregnancy, CO ____, RR ____, venous return ____. | Increases, increases, decreases because of baby |
| Parturition | Events that occur to prepare for childbirth |
| Connexins | Sm cells synthesize these during last few weeks of pregnancy. Are proteins that form gap junctions so myometrium can do coordinated contractions during L&D |
| Stages of true labor | Dilation, expulsion, placental |
| True labor is incited by | Mom and baby's oxytocin -> makes placenta secrete prostaglandins |
| Dilation stage | Regular contractions |
| Expulsion | Starts with complete dilation of cervix, ends with childbirth |
| Crowing | Baby's head appears |
| Episiotomyu | Where the vagina is cut so baby can get out |
| Placental stage | After birth, uterus continues to contract to deliver placenta |
| Lactation | Prolactin makes milk, estrogen for secretion of milk |
| Lactogenesis | Production and secretion of milk from mammary glands 1) Ducts w/ few alveoli exist 2) Early preg- alveoli multiply 3)Mid-alveoli enlarge and require lumen 4) Lactation, alveoli dilate 5) Regression after wearning |
| Colostrum | Initial secretion of mammary glands. Contains IgA for bby immunity |
| Milk letdown | Release of breast milk in response to oxytocin. Positive feedback |
| Lactation ____ ovulation. | Inhibits |
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