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NETW204 Ch 01
Intro to Routing and Packet Forwarding
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Administrative Distance (AD) | Rating of the trustworthiness of a routing information source. AD is often expressed as a numerical value between 0 & 255. The higher the value, the lower the trustworthiness rating. |
| Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) | Internet protocol used to map an IP address to a MAC address. Defined in RFC 826 |
| Asymmetric Routing | When a path from network 1 to network 2 is different from the path from network 2 to network 1 |
| Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) | The standard for cell relay in which multiple service types are conveyed in fixed-length 53 byte cells. Fixed-length cells allow cell processing thereby reducing transit delays. |
| Best Path | The fastest path to a certain destination. The fastest path is based on the routing protocol's metric. |
| Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) | Interdomain routing protocol that replaces EGP. BGP exchanges reachability information with other BGP systems. It is defined by RFC 1163 |
| Cable | Transmission medium of copper wire or optical fiber wrapped in a protective cover. |
| Console Port | DTE port through which commands are entered into a host. |
| Datagrams | Logical grouping of information sent as a network layer unit over a transmission medium without prior establishment of a virtual circuit. IP datagrams are the primary information units in the Internet. |
| Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) | Network technology that delivers high bandwidth over conventional copper wiring at limited distances. There's 4 types of DSL: ADSL/HDSL/SDSL/VDSL. All are provisioned through modem pairs, with one modem at a central office and the other at the customer. |
| Dynamic Routing Protocols | Routing that adjusts automatically to network topology or traffic changes. Also called adaptive routing. |
| Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) | Advanced version of IGRP developed by Cisco. Provides superior convergence properties and operating efficiency, and combines the advantages of link-state protocols with those of distance vector protocols. |
| Equal-Cost Load Balancing | When a router utilizes multiple paths with the same administrative distance and cost to a destination. |
| Equal-Cost Metric | A metric that has the same value on multiple paths to the same destination. When multiple paths have equal-cost metrics, a router can execute equal-cost load balancing among those paths. |
| Ethernet | Baseband LAN specification invented by Xerox Corporation and developed jointly by Xerox, Intel, and Digital Equipment Corp.. Ethernet networks use CSMA/CD and run over a variety of cable types at 10Mbps. |
| Flash | A variation of electrically erasable programmable read-only memory, which is non-erasable. Flash memory is erasable and writable. In the context of this course, flash is the storage card where the router stores the IOS image. |
| Frame Relay | A packet-switched data link layer protocol that handles multiple virtual circuits used between connected devices. Frame Relay is more efficient that X.25, the protocol for which it generally is considered a replacement. |
| Gateway | A device on a network that serves as an access point to other networks. A default gateway is used by a host when an IP packet's destination address belongs to someplace outside of the local subnet. A router is a good example of a default gateway. |
| Hosts | Computer systems on a network. Similar to node, except that host usually implies a computer system, whereas a node generally applies to any networked system, including access servers and routers. |
| Hub-and-Spoke | A WAN topology in which various branch offices are connected through a centralized hub or headquarters. |
| Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) | IGP developed by Cisco to address the issues associated with routing in large, heterogeneous networks. |
| Internet Service Provider (ISP) | A company that provides access to the Internet to individuals or companies. |
| IP | Network layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack offering a connectionless internetwork service. IP provides features for addressing, type-of-service specification, fragmentation, and reassembly, and security. Defined in RFC 791. |
| IPv6 | A network layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. This is the successor of IPv4 for general use of the Internet. |
| Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) | Communication protocol offered by telephone companies that permits telephone networks to carry data, voice, and other source traffic. |
| Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) | A protocol base on a routing method known as DECnet Phase V routing, in which routers known as intermediate systems exchange data about routing using a single metric to determine the network topology. IS-IS was developed by ISO as part of its OSI model. |
| Light Emitting Diode (LED) | Semiconductor device that emits light produced by converting electrical energy. |
| Local-Area Networks (LAN) | High speed, low error data network covering a relatively small geographic area. LAN standards specify cabling and signaling at the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. |
| MAC Address | Standardized data link layer address that is required for every port or device that connects to a LAN. Other devices in the network use these addresses to locate specific ports in the network and to create and update routing tables and data structures. |
| Media | Media are various physical environments through which transmission signals pass. Common network media include twisted-pair, coaxail, and fiber-optic cable, and the atmosphere (thru which microwave, laser, and infrared transmissions occur). |
| Metric | Method by which a routing algorithm determines that one route is better than another. This information is stored in routing tables. Metrics include bandwidth, communication cost, delay, hop, count, load, MTU, path cost, and reliability. |
| Neighbor | In OSPF, two routers that have interfaces to a common network. On multiaccess networks, neighbors are discovered dynamically by the OSPF Hello protocol. |
| Network Address Translation (NAT) | Mechanism for reducing the need for globally unique IP addresses. NAT allows an organization with addresses that are not globally unique to connecto to the Internet by translating those addresses into globally routeable address space. |
| Next-Hop | The next point of routing. When routers are not directly connected to the destination network, they will have a neighboring router that provides the next step in routing the data to its destination. |
| NVRAM | Nonvolatile random-access memory. Random-access memory that retains its contents when the power is shut off. |
| Operating System | Software that performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating networking, and managing file systems. |
| Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) | Link-state, hierarchical IGP routing algorithm proposed as a successor to RIP in the Internet community. OSPF features include least-cost routing, multipath routing, and load balancing. OSPF was derived from an early version of the IS-IS protocol. |
| Packets | Logical grouping of information that includes a header containing control information and user data. The terms datagram, frame, message, and segment are also used to describe logical information groupings at carious layers of the OSI model. |
| Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) | Successor to SLIP that provides router-to-router and host-to-network connections over synchronous and asynchronous circuits. Whereas SLIP was designed to work with IP, PPP was designed to work with several network payer protocols. |
| Privileged EXEC Mode | The admin mode for the router or switch. This mode allows you to view router settings that are considered only accessible to the administrator. Requires the enable command. |
| RAM | Volatile memory that can be read and written to by a microprocessor |
| Routing Information Protocol (RIP) | IGP supplied with UNIX BSD systems. The most common IGP in the Internet. RIP uses hop count as a routing metric. |
| ROM | Nonvolatile memory that can be read, but not written to, by the microprocessor. |
| Router | Network layer device that uses one or more metrics to determine the optimal path along which network traffic should be forwarded. Routers forward packets from one network to another based on network layer information. Occasionally called a gateway. |
| Routing Table | A table stored in the memory of a router of some other internetworking device that keeps tack of routes to particular network destinations. A router uses this list of networks to determine where to send data. |
| Serial | Method of data transmission in which the bits of data characters are transmitted sequentially over a single channel. |
| Setup Mode | When a Cisco router boots up and does not find a config file in NVRAM, it enters setup mode. Setup mode is a dialogue of questions that the administrator must answer to set up a basic router config. |
| Power-on Self Test (POST) | Set of hardware diagnostics that runs on a hardware device when hat device is powered up. |
| Static Routing | Routing that depends on manually entered routes in the routing table. |
| Telnet | Standard terminal emulation protocol in the TCP/IP protocol stack. Used for remote terminal connections, enabling users to log in to remote systems and use resources as if they were connected to a local system. Telnet is defined in RFC 854 |
| Time To Live (TTL) | Field in an IP header that indicates how long a packet is considered valid |
| Unequal-Cost Load Balancing | Load balancing that uses multiple paths to the same destination that have different costs or metrics. EIGRP uses unequal-cost load balancing with the variance command. |
| Unified Communications | A communications system for voice, video, and data. The system integrates wired, wireless, and mobile devices to create a secure solution for enterprise networks. |
| Wide-Area Network (WAN) | Data communications network that serves users across a broad geographic area and often uses transmission devices provided by common carriers. Frame Relay, SMDS, and X.25 are examples of WANs. |
| Which two commands can a technician use to determine whether router serial ports have and IP address that are assigned to them? | show interfaces OR show ip interface brief |
| What command will set the privileged mode password? | enable secret password (password is your password) |
| Give two tasks that dynamic routing protocols perform. | Update and maintain routing tables AND Network discovery |
| Describe the internal and external router hardware components, and outline the purpose of each. | CPU executes code, RAM routing table and data structures to forward packets, ROM diagnostic (POST), NVRAM startup config, Flash Memory Cisco IOS, LAN Interfaces, WAN Interfaces |
| Describe the router bootup process from power on to final configuration. | Perform POST, Execute Boostrap Loader, Locate and load IOS, Locate and load Config File, Enter setup mode. |
| What important features does a router add to the network? | Determines the best path to send packets AND Forwards packets toward their destination. |
| Describe the steps necessary to apply a basic configuration to a router. | 1. Set hostname 2. Set passwords 3.Config Interfaces 4. Config banner 5. Save your running config 6. Verify config and router operations. |
| Describe the importance of the router table. What purposes does it server? | A routing table provides the router with the necessary information to carry out its primary function. Forwarding packets toward the destination network. |
| What are the three basic ways a router learns about networks? | Connected routes OR Static routes OR Dynamic routes. |
| What fields in the IP header were the most relevant to the information presented in this chapter? | Version of the IP being used., TTL The number of routers to traverse before being dropped. 32bit source and destination IP addresses. |
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