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TCC Physio U4 Exam
TCC Physiology topic 13, 14, 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _______________ molecules diffuse readily through the cell membrane and stimulate the cell to make a protein. | lipophilic |
| _______________ hormones and ________________ hormones are lipophilic | steroid; thyroid |
| _______________ molecules cannot diffuse through the cell membrane. Instead, they must bind to a receptor on the cell membrane, which will stimulate a chain of events that will activate an already-existing protein. | lipophobic |
| _______________ hormones and ______________ hormones are lipophobic | peptide; catecholamine |
| Steps for the cAMP messenger system: | hormone binds to g-protein coupled receptor, which activates adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP, which activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylates proteins that initiate regulatory response |
| Steps for the Phospholipase C system: | hormones binds to G-protein coupled receptor, which activates phospholipase C, which converts membrane protein to DAG (which will activate protein phosphorylation) and IP3 (which will release Ca++ to act as a signal molecule) |
| Autocrine signals are ___________________________________________________________________________. | signaling form in which a cell secretes a hormone or a chemical substance that binds to the receptors on the SAME cell, leading to functional changes within the cell |
| Paracrine signals are ___________________________________________________________________________. | signaling form in which the target cell is NEAR the signal-releasing cell |
| A hormone is ___________________________________________________________________. | a regulatory substance made in within an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action |
| Hormones are secreted into the ___________________. | blood |
| They are transported to a _________________. | distant target |
| They have very _________ concentrations. | low |
| They bind to _____________ receptors. | specific |
| ________________ hormones are hormones made from peptides/proteins. They are synthesized on the _________________ and modified in the _________________. They transport __________________ in the blood, with a short half-life. | peptide; rough ER, golgi; easily |
| _______________ hormones have a cholesterol backbone. They are produced in the ____________. They are not water-soluble and they have a long half – life. | steroid; smooth ER |
| _____________ hormones are created from altered amino acids. | catecholamines |
| The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland through the ___________________________________________ system, a group of vessels that will transport neurohormones from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary. | hypophyseal portal system |
| A trophic hormone is a _________________________________________________________. | hormone that controls secretion of another hormone |
| 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary: | ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, LH, PRL |
| ACTH functions to... | stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol |
| TSH functions to... | stimulate thyroid to secrete T4 and T3 |
| GH functions to... | control tissue growth |
| FSH functions to... | stimulate gamete production |
| LH functions to... | influence hormone production |
| PRL functions to... | stimulate milk production |
| Oxytocin functions to ______________________________________________________ and ___________________________________________. | stimulate contractions of uterus during childbirth; stimulate milk-ejection reflex |
| Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) functions to ___________________________________. | promote water conservatino by kidneys |
| The adrenal cortex secretes the hormones ______________________ and _________________. | aldosterone; cortisol |
| Aldosterone is important for _____________________________________. | increasing sodium levels in the blood |
| Cortisol is important for _______________________________________. | increasing glucose levels in the blood |
| The adrenal medulla secretes _________________________ and _____________________, which function to __________________________________________. | epinephrine; norepinephrine |
| The thyroid gland secretes the hormones _________________________, which are important for ___________________________________________________. | T4 and T3; BMR and growth/development |
| Hyperthyroidism occurs when ____________________________________________________. Symptoms include ______________________________, __________________________, ______________________, and ______________________________. | thyroid secretes too much hormone; sensistivity to heat; rapid pulse; nervousness; insomnia |
| Hypothyroidism occurs when _____________________________________. Symptoms include ________________________, _______________________, __________________, _________________ and ______________________________. | thyroid secretes too little hormone; sensitivity to cold; slow pulse; depression; decreased protein synthesis (dry skin, brittle hair and nails); myxedema (puffy appearance) |
| The parathyroid releases __________________________, while the thyroid releases ___________________________. | calcitonin; T3 &T4 |
| Calcitonin _________________ blood calcium by ____________________________________________________________________________. | decreases; inhibiting osteoclast activity, decreasing Ca absorption in the intestines, and increasing osetoblas activity and Ca loss in the urine |
| Parathyroid hormone ____________ blood calcium by _____________________________________________________________________________. | increases; releasing Ca from bones, increasing amount of Ca absorbed from small intestine, and decreasing the amount of Ca lost in urine |
| _____________ secrete glucagon to ________________ blood glucose by breaking down glycogen. | alpha cells; increase |
| _____________ secrete insulin to ________________ glucose by causing cells to take up glucose for energy, and the liver to store glucose as glycogen. | beta cells; decrease |
| ___________ is the process of cell division and reproduction for somatic cells. | meiosis |
| _____________________ - when the cell is going about its regular activities, or preparing to divide. | interphase |
| _____________________ - Stage where chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope dissolves, and centrioles form | prophase |
| _____________________ - Chromosomes align at the center of the cell | metaphase |
| _____________________ - Sister chromatids are separated from each other | anaphase |
| _____________________ - Chromosomes are surrounded by nuclear envelopes, creating 2 functionally distinct cells that are still connected by cytoplasm. | telophase |
| _____________________ - Cytoplasm is divided, and you now have 2 distinct daughter cells | cytokinesis |
| _____________ is the process of cell division used to create haploid gametes. It occurs in 2 phases: ____________ and _____________. | meiosis; meiosis i; meiosis ii |
| “Crossing over” occurs in _______________, a stage at the beginning of ______________, where chromosomes exchange genetic information, allowing for genetic diversity of sex cells and offspring. | prophase i; meiosis i |
| In _______________, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate. During ______________, homologues will separate and be pulled toward opposite ends of the cell. At the end of __________________, we have 2 haploid daughter cells. | metaphase i; anaphase i; meiosis i |
| The stages of _____________________ are similar to what you would see in mitosis. At the end of this stage, you will have _______ haploid daughter cells. | meiosis ii; 4 |
| ___________ - contain the seminiferous tubules, the site of sperm development. Also contain Leydig cells, which will secrete testosterone. | testes |
| The accessory glands include the _____________, the _________________ and the ___________. They secrete nutrients and buffers that together will make semen, which nourish the sperm and protect it from the vagina’s acidic environment. | seminal vascicles; prostate; bulbourethral |
| Through meiosis I, these cells will divide to become _____________________________. | spermocytes |
| They will again divide through meiosis II to become _________________________, which will mature into sperm. | spermatids |
| At the end of spermatogenesis, one spermatogonium will have produced _____ haploid sperm. | 4 |
| Sperm develop in the ___________. From there, they will move through the ____________ to the __________. From there, sperm will move through the ___________ and out of the body through the _________. | seminiferous tubules; epididymis; vas deferens; ejaculatory ducts; urethra |
| _________ stimulates the production of testosterone. ____________ stimulates the production of androgen-binding protein (ABP), leading to the release of ___________. | Leutenizing hormone; |
| _____________ - Eggs develop here | ovaries |
| _____________ - Eggs will travel through here to the uterus. Fertilization takes place here | fallopian tube |
| _____________ - Where the fertilized egg implants for development | uterus |
| ______________ are diploid germ cells that will divide into ____________________ during embryonic development(!). | primary oocytes; secondary oocytes |
| Primary oocytes will be arrested in ____________ prior to birth. | prophase i |
| Once puberty hits, during each menstrual cycle, a ___________________ will complete meiosis I to form a ________________________. | primary oocyte; secondary oocyte |
| The secondary oocyte will begin ________________ and develop into a mature egg for ovulation. | meiosis ii |
| Egg will be arrested in ________________ of meiosis II unless fertilization takes place. | metaphase ii |
| The menstrual cycle can be divided into the _____________ cycle, focusing on the development of the ovarian follicles, and the ________________, focusing on the changes in the uterus. | follicular; luteal |
| During ___________________, the mature egg will be released from the follicle. Progesterone will be released, while estrogen decreases. | ovulation |
| Digestive system functions: Moving nutrients, water, electrolytes, etc. into the body through the processes of _____________, _______________, ________________, and _______________. | digestion; absorption; motility; secretion |
| Digestive system functions: Removal of _______________ | wastes |
| Digestive system functions: _____________________ helps with immune functions | GALT |
| Food will enter the digestive system through the mouth, then will move through the ______________ to the ____________. From there, it will go to the small _________________, then to the large _______________________, ending at the anus. | esophagus; stomach; intestine; intestine |
| The 4 tissues of the digestive tract are: | mucosa; submucosa; muscularis mucosa; serosa |
| ________________________ - consist of epithelial cells lining the digestive tract. Contains the lamina propria and muscularis mucosa. | mucosa |
| ________________________ - contains connective tissue and containing blood and lymph vessels, and has the submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus). | submucosa |
| ________________________ - outer wall of the digestive tract. Contains smooth muscle in 2 different arrangements, and has the myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus). | muscularis mucosa |
| ________________________ - external covering of the digestive tract. | serosa |
| Carbohydrates will be broken down into _______________. Digestion of carbohydrates starts in the _____________ with the enzyme _____________________. It will end in the ________________________. | monosaccharides; oral cavity; amylase; small intestine |
| Proteins will be broken down into ______________. Digestion of proteins starts in the _______________________ with hydrochloric acid and the enzyme ___________________. It will end in the __________________________________. | single amino acids; stomach; pepsin; small intestine |
| Triglycerides (fats) will be broken down into _________. Fat digestion begins in the ____________ with the enzyme ________________________. It will continue in the ________________ and end in the _____________________. | fatty acids; oral cavity; lypase; small intestine; large intestine |
| Nucleic acids will be broken down into ___________________________________________________ in the _________________________. | nucleotides; small intestine |
| Peristalsis is defined as ______________________________________________________________________________. | involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine, creating wave-like movements that push contents of the canal forward. |
| The mouth is involved in chemical digestion by breaking down ______ and _____ thru secretion of enzymes salivary _________ and salivary ____. It's involved in mechanical digestion by physically breaking down food thru _____. | starch; carbohydrates; amylase; lipase; mastication |
| The stomach is involved in chemical digestion of ____________ and _______________. It can absorb _________________________. It is involved in motility by moving food to the _______________________________. | proteins; lipids; glucose; small intestine |
| The 3 regions of the small intestine are the ________, _________, and _________. Secretions include enzymes from ________ and ____________, as well as bicarbonate from the _________, and ________ from the liver/gallbladder. | duodenum. jejunum; ileum; pancreatic acinar cells; intestinal epithelial cells; pancreas; bile |
| The large intestine works to concentrate waste. There is significant ___________________ of water, minerals and vitamins. There is no significant digestion. For motility, there will be movement of wastes. | absorption |
| Parietal cells in the stomach secrete ________________. | HCl |
| Chief cells secrete _____________________, which will become ____________ and break down proteins when exposed to HCL. | pepsinogen; pepsin |
| Mucous cells will secrete _____________________ and __________________ to protect stomach lining. ____________________ will be secreted to break down fats. | mucus; bicarbonate; gastric lipase |
| The ________________ phase is stimulated by the sight, thought, or smell of food. | long reflexes |
| The ________________ phase is stimulated by the movement of food into the stomach. | short reflexes |
| The ________________ phase is stimulated by the movement of chyme into the small intestine. | segmentation |
| Segmentation functions to ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. | seperate chyme and then push it back together, mixing it, and providing time for digestion and absorption. |
| Pancreas -> S. Intestine: These secretions include digestive enzymes like pancreatic ___ to break down carbs, pancreatic ____ to break down fats, and ______ and ______to break down proteins. The pancreas will also produce _______ to neutralize chyme. | amylase; lipase; protease; peptidase; HCO3 |
| Bile is made in the _______________ and stored in the ________________ before being released into the small intestine. It functions to _______________________________________. | liver; gallbladder; carry away waste |
| “Long reflexes” are digestive reflexes that are _____________________________________________________________________. | integrated in CNS |
| “Short reflexes” are digestive reflexes that are _____________________________________________________________________. | integrated in the enteric nerve plexuxs |
| The enteric nervous system is _____________________________________________________________________. | nerve networks w/i the submucosa and muscularis externa |
Created by:
taylore.williamson
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