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TCC Physio U5 Exam
TCC Physiology, topic, 16, 17, 18, 19, info from topic study guides
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| BMR is defined as | the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going |
| factors that can affect BMR include | age, sex, genes, ethnicity, stress, hormones |
| amount of calories needed for basal metabolic activites: | 1500-2000 |
| _______________________ is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body. | metabolism |
| _______________________ reactions build molecules and use energy. | anabolic |
| _______________________ break up molecules and release energy. | catabolic |
| Carbohydrates will be broken down into ____________________________________________. | glucose, fructose, and/or galactose |
| Fats will be broken down into ________________________________________. | free fatty acids and monoglycerides |
| Proteins will be broken down into _________________________________. | individual amino acids |
| Nucleic acids will be broken down into ______________________________________________. | nucleotides |
| The abosrptive state... | occurs after eating a meal; involves digestion and absorption |
| in the absorptive state, _____ is released from the pancreas to allow for glucose to be taken up by the body's cells and liver | insulin |
| ____ is the process in which glucose is converted to glycogen. | glycogenesis |
| the absorptive state consists of __________ reactions | anabolic |
| The post-absorptive state... | is also known as the fasting state; occurs after food has been broken down and absorbed |
| In the post-absorptive state, _____ is released to increase glucose in the blood | glucagon |
| The post-absorptive state consists of ______ reactions | catabolic |
| Carbohydrates are broken down into ____________________ by the enzyme ______________. The hormone ______________ will be released to convert glucose into glycogen for storage in a process known as ___________________________. | monosaccharides; amylase; insulin |
| Lipids will be emulsified by _____________________ and broken down by ___________________. | bile salts; lipases |
| Triglycerides will be broken down into _____________________ and ____________ and will then be converted back into ___________________ after absorption. | monoglycerides; free fatty acids; triglycerides |
| Excess carbs, fats, etc. can be converted as lipids for storage in a process known as ______________________________. | glycogenesis |
| Proteins will be broken down into ______________________ by __________________________________________________________________. | amino acids; HCl, pepsin, trypsin, proteases |
| Proteins can be used to build new proteins or as energy in a process known as ______________________, which involves the removal of an amino group. | deamination |
| Functions of the kidney: | regulates ion balance, extracellular fluid vol. and BP, pH, osmolarity, hormone production and waste excretion |
| Blood will flow from the aorta to the renal _____________, then to the ___________________ followed by the glomerulus. | arteries; afferent artioles |
| From the glomerulus, blood will enter the ________________________ to the _______________ capillaries, to the venules, renal veins and the _________________________________. | efferent arteriole; peritubular; inferior vena cava |
| ______________ nephrons are found in the renal cortex. They constitute 80% of all nephrons. | cortical |
| ______________ nephrons will reach the renal medulla. They constitute the remaining 20% of all nephrons. | juxtamedullary |
| ___________________ - Surrounds the glomerulus. Fluid filters out of the glomerulus and enters the nephron through here. | bowman's capsule |
| ___________________ - Filtrate will enter here next. The site of isosmotic reabsorption (and most reabsorption). | proximal tubule |
| ___________________ - Consists of a descending and ascending limb that will regulate reabsorption of solutes and water (depending on the limb). | loop of henle |
| __________________ and _________________ - regulate how dilute the urine will be before being sent to the bladder. | ADH; aldosterone |
| Blood filters through the glomerulus. What is filtered out will be sent to ____________ capsule, then to the proximal tubule. From there it will go to the ________________, and then the _________________ tubule and collecting ducts. | bowman's; loop of henle; distal |
| Nephron filtration - | flow of plasma-like fluid from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule |
| Nephron reabsorption - | movement of material from nephron lumen to blood via peritubular capillaries |
| Nephron secretion - | movement of material from blood to nephron |
| Nephron excretion - | Fluid excreted very different from fluid that entered Bowman’s capsule. Water, glucose, amino acids, and other important substances have been reabsorbed |
| Osmolarity in bowman’s capsule: __________ | 300 mOsm |
| Osmolarity in the proximal tubule: ___________ | 300 mOsm |
| Osmolarity in in loop of Henle: _________ | 100 mOsm |
| Osmolarity in distal tubule and collecting ducts: _________ | 50-1200 mOsm |
| Osmolarity in the proximal tubule does not change because it is responsible for _______________ reabsorption. | isoosmotic? |
| The job of the loop of Henle is to produce __________ urine. In the ascending limb, solutes such as ____________________________ are reabsorbed while water stays behind. | dilute; sodium |
| Osmolarity of filtrate in the distal tubule and collecting ducts varies based on the need to ____________ or __________ water. | Remove; reaborb |
| The proximal tubule is responsible for the ____________ reabsorption of ____________________________. | bulk; isoosmotic fluid |
| The loop of Henle reabsorbs ________________________________. | water and sodium chloride |
| The presence of ___________________________, also known as vasopressin, will cause cells in these regions to be more permeable to water, allowing for reabsorption. Without this hormone, more water will be excreted in the urine. | ADH |
| ________________________ (sensor) will detect a change in the solutes-to-fluid ratio (osmolarity) in the blood. | ADH? |
| Message will be sent to the ___________________________ (integrating center). | hypothalamus |
| The hormone _______________________ will then be released, which will interact with the _____________________ and ___________________ (effectors), which will lead to water being reabsorbed/conserved, and blood osmolarity returning to a normal set point. | renin... ? |
| When blood volume (and pressure) falls, cells in the kidney produce the hormone _____________. The liver will also release _____________________________. | renin; angiotensinogen |
| Renin will cleave angiotensinogen into ___________________________, which will come into contact with the ______________ enzyme in the lungs to become ______________________. | angiotensin I; ACE; angiotensin II |
| The presence of angiotensin II will trigger the release of the hormone ______________________, which regulates sodium and water reabsorption. This increase in water reabsorption will increase blood volume, and thus increase blood pressure. | aldosterone |
| Filtration is influenced by: | BP, colloid osmotic pressure, and pressure in bowman's capsule |
| Clearance is defined as ______________________________________________________________________. | measurement of the disappearance of a substance from the blood, expressed as mL of plasma cleared of solute/unit time |
| Filtrate will leave the _____________________ as urine. It will then go to the renal pelvis, to the _______________, to the bladder. | colelcting ducts; ureters |
| The _____________________ urethra sphincter is made up of smooth muscle and is involuntary (regulated by the autonomic nervous system). | internal |
| The ___________________ urethra sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle and is voluntary (regulated by the somatic nervous system). | external |
| Functions of the respiratory system: | gas exchange, regulation of body pH, protection, vocalization |
| The _______________________ consists of the airways leading from the external environment to the respiratory zone. Structures include _______________________________________________________________________. | conducting zone; trachea, bronchi, pharynx |
| Function of conductive zone: ___________________________________________________. | warm, humidify, and clean the air |
| The ____________________________ consists of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. Function is ___________________________________. | respiratory zone; quick gas exchange |
| Type 1 alveolar cells function to __________________________. | faciliatate gas exchange |
| ____________________ is how easily the lung expands with pressure. | compliance |
| Air flows from ________ to __________ pressure. Just like the dynamics of blood flow, breathing can be influenced by the _____________________, ___________________________, and ______________________. | high; low; length of system; viscosity of air; tube radius/diameter |
| Bronchorestriction causes ______________________________________________________. | decrease in bronchiole diameter, increase resistance to air flow, decreased air flow to alveoli |
| Bronchodilation causes ____________________________________________________. | increase in bronchiole diamter, decrease resistance to air flow, increases air flow to alveoli |
| Boyle’s Law: ______________ increases as __________________ decreases. In other words,they are inversely related. | pressure; volume |
| As we saw in the gas laws, air will flow from __________ to __________ pressure. | high; low |
| When pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure, this will lead to ______________________. | expiration |
| When pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure, this will lead to ______________. | inspiration |
| When our diaphragm contracts, this will _______________ thoracic volume. Following Boyle’s law, this will cause a _________________ in intrapulmonary pressure, leading to __________________________. | increase; decrease; inspiration |
| When our diaphragm relaxes, this will _____________________ thoracic volume. This will cause a(n) ___________________ in intrapulmonary pressure, leading to ___________________________. | decrease; increase; expiration |
| Tidal volume can be defined as __________________________________________________. | amount of air expired or inspired per breath during quiet, unforced breathing |
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is defined as ____________________________________________________________________________. | volume inspired above the tidal volume |
| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is defined as ____________________________________________________________________________. | volume expired forcefully after the end of normal expiration |
| Residual volume is defined as ____________________________________________________. | volume of air in respiratory system after maximum exhalation |
| Vital capacity is defined as _______________________________________________________. It is the sum of __________________________________________________. | amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhale |
| Total lung capacity is defined as ___________________________________________________. | vital capacity + the residual volume |
| Restrictive lung disease occurs when ______________________________________________________________________________. | there is a decrease in compliance, meaning inspiratory muscles work harder to expand the lung, thus a reduced ability to fill lungs with air |
| Fibrosis is caused by ______________________________________________________________________________. | scar tissue in lungs formed by immune system attempts to clear accumulation of particles |
| Premature infants with immature surfactant syndrome have difficulty inflating their lungs because of ____________________. | low compliance and alveoli collapse due to the lack of surfactant |
| Obstructive disorders occur when there is ___________________________________________________________________________. | increased airway resistance causes reduced ability to exhale |
| Gas laws show that air oxygen and carbon dioxide will flow from an area of __________ pressure to __________ pressure. | high; low |
| Blood entering the lungs has a partial pressure of oxygen of _______________. The alveoli have a partial pressure of oxygen of ____________________. Oxygen flows from _________ to ________ pressure, so the blood in the lungs will gain oxygen. | 40mmHg; 100mmHg; high; low |
| Systemic tissues have a partial pressure of oxygen of _________________, while blood leaving the oxygen has a partial pressure of oxygen of _____________________. | 100mmHg; 40mmHg |
| In the tissues, carbon dioxide has a partial pressure of _____________________, while blood has a partial pressure of carbon dioxide of __________________. Carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood. | 40mmHg; 46mmHg |
| Blood returning to the lungs has a partial pressure of carbon dioxide of _______________, while the alveoli have a partial pressure of __________________. Carbon dioxide will leave the blood, to be breathed out of the lungs. | 46mmHg; 40mmHg; |
| As partial pressure of oxygen increases, % saturation of oxygen __________________________. | increases |
| % oxygen in the LUNGS is _________________________, because they have a pressure of 100 mm Hg of oxygen. | increases |
| % oxygen in TISSUES is __________, because they have a pressure of ______________ of oxygen. | lower; 40mmHg |
| Normal pH range of blood: ________________________________. | 7.35 - 7.45 |
| Bicarbonate is the body’s most important ____________________, protecting from ___________________________________________________________. | buffer; extreme shifts in pH |
| Respiratory acidosis is caused by ____________________________________________. | HYPOventilation (causes increased CO2 levels in blood -> increase in H+) |
| Metabolic acidosis is caused by _____________________________________________. | excess of acids or loss of bicarbonate in diarrhea |
| Respiratory alkalosis is caused by ___________________________________________. | HYPERventilation (results in too little CO2 and causes decrease in H+) |
| Metabolic alkalosis is caused by _____________________________________________. | too much bicarbonate or too little acid |
| ________________________ (sensor) in the medulla and blood vessels sense changes in the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and pH levels. Other stimuli that affect breathing are emotions and our own control. | central chemoreceptors (I think) |
| For emotions and voluntary control, our integrating centers are ________________________________________________________________________. For our chemoreceptors, our integrating centers are __________________________________. | higher brain centers; limbic system; medulla and pons |
| Muscles affecting respiration are our _____________________. The efferent pathway is regulated through ___________________ neurons. | diaphragm, ribcage, and abdominal muscles; somatic motor |
| The __________________________ consists of the fluid within the cells. | ICF |
| 2/3 of the body’s water is found in the ________________________. The remaining 1/3 is found in the ____________________________. | ICF; ECF |
| Osmosis is defined as __________________________________________________. | Passive movement of water from high water concentration to low water concentration |
| Osmotic pressure is defined as ____________________________________________________. | Tries to draw fluid in, opposes hydrostatic pressure |
| Hydrostatic pressure is defined as _________________________________________________. | Pressure of fluid pushing against a vessel, trying to drive it out |
| Colloid osmotic pressure is defined as ______________________________________________. | Pressure exterted due to protein content in the vessels; draws water toward into the circulatory system |
| Hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure are ______________________ forces. | Opposing |
| Too little water in the body leads to a ______________ in blood volume and an _____________ in blood osmolarity. This will lead to an __________________ in the hormone angiotensin II, and activation of _________________________ in the hypothalamus. | Decrease; increase; increase; ADH |
| These actions will stimulate the ___________________ in the hypothalamus, which will make us thirsty. We’ll drink a lot of water, which will ___________________ blood osmolarity. | ADH; decrease |
| A decrease in blood volume/pressure will stimulate the release of ________________ from the kidneys and _______________________________ from the liver. | Renin; angiotensinogen |
| Renin will cleave angiotensinogen into __________________________, which will again be cleaved into _______________________________ when exposed to the ACE enzyme in the lungs. | Angiotensinogen I; Angiotensinogen II |
| Angiotensin II will promote the release of the hormone ____________________, which promotes Na+ and water reabsorption, leading to an ___________________ in blood volume and pressure. | Aldosterone; increase |
| When levels of Na+ in the blood decreases, this stimulates _______________ to be released into the blood. | Aldosterone |
| Aldosterone will stimulate __________________ of Na+ and water in the kidneys, leading to an _________________ in Na+ levels in the blood and an increase in blood volume. | Reabsorption; increase |
| Functions of sodium: | Participation in action potential; secondary active transport; osmotic balance |
| The hormones ______________________ and ____________________ regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body. The hormone _______________________________ also helps regulate sodium balance. | Aldosterone; angiotensinogen II; Atrial natriuretic peptide |
| Functions of potassium: | Participation in action potential; osmotic balalnce |
| Functions of calcium: | Clotting; major component of bones and teeth; actional potential; muscle contraction |
| The hormone _______________________________ is released to increase levels of blood calcium. The hormone _____________________________ is released to decrease levels of blood calcium. | Parathyroid hormone; calcitonin |
| Normal blood pH range is ________________________. | 7.35-7.45 |
| 3 major buffer systems in the body are ____________________________________, _____________________________, and _______________________________. | Protein; bicarbonate-carbonic acid; phosphate |
| Protein buffers can work to maintain pH because the carboxyl group in their amino acids ______________________________________, and the amino group __________________________________________________. | Carboxyl group COOH; amino group NH2 |
| In the bicarbonate buffer system, carbonic acid ____________ bases, and ___________________ buffers acids. | Buffers; bicarbonate |
| With phosphate buffers, _____________________ buffers bases, and ___________________ buffers acids. | Dihydrogen phosphate; monohydrogen phosphate |
| When blood pH gets too high (alkalosis), this stimulates a(n) __________________ in the respiratory rate. -> an __________________ in carbon dioxide in the blood, -> a __________________ in pH. | Increase; decrease; decrease |
| When blood pH gets too low (acidosis), this stimulates a(n) _____________________ in the respiratory rate. This will cause a _______________________ in the carbon dioxide in the blood, -> to a _______________ in pH. | Decrease; increase; increase |
| The kidneys can regulate pH by controlling how much _____________ and _____________ is excreted or reabsorbed back into the blood, based on the body’s needs. | Hydrogen ions; bicarbonate |
| Type II alveolar cells function to __________________________. | secrete surfactant |
| ______________________ is how easily the lung can go back to original size after expanding. | elasticity |
| The ________________________ is the fluid surrounding the cells. It consists of __________________ and ___________________. | ECF; ICF + ECF |
| If a newly-formed T cell binds to a self-antigen before maturing, it will be stimulated to: | Undergo apoptosis |
| A "cytokine storm" is the result of excessive stimulation of: | TH cells |
| Bound antibodies can serve as attachment points for macrophages, assisting them with binding and performing phagocytosis. This is called: | Opsonization |
| Bound antibodies can: | Trigger a complement cascade, neutralize bacterial toxins, opsonize foreign cells |
| TH2 cells secrete cytokines that serve to activate: | B cells |
| ___ cells are important for defense against chronic mucocutaneous infections. Conditions such as chronically-recurring Candida infections can occur when these cells are defective. | TH17 |
| Newly-formed T cells mature in the ________. | Thymus |
| Plasma cells belong to which of the following groups of cells? | B cells |
| To what does the TCR of a TH cell bind? | Antigens presented with MHC II molecules |
| An indivual that was vaccinated naturally transmits the vaccine agent to other members of the household, resulting in their development of immunity as well. This is called "contact immunity" and can sometimes occur when which type of vaccine is used? | Live attenuated |
| The appearance of visible foam is indication of an antigen-antibody pairing in a _______ assay. | Flocculation |
| In an at-home pregnancy test, you see a colored band form on the control line and no band form on the test line. This is a ___________ test for pregnancy. | Negative |
| Labeled antibodies are used as probes to detect specific proteins in: | Western blotting |
| An anti-antibody (or secondary antibody) is an antibody directed against ____________________. | Another antibody molecule |
| A microscope might be involved with interpreting the result of which of the following tests? | Direct immunofluorescence |
| Hybridomas are created by fusing cancer cells with ___________. | Plasma B cells |
| Clumping of cells caused by antibody-antigen reactions is called ____________________. | Agglutination |
| A baby receives maternally-produced IgA through breastmilk while nursing. This is an example of ____________________. | Naturally acquired passive immunity |
| Because Jonathan had a bad case of measles as a young child, he cannot get measles again. This is an example of ____________________. | Naturally acquired active immunity |
| A person whose blood is O-positive has blood cells with which of the following antigens? | Rh antigen only |
| In indirect agglutination assays, antibodies are often linked to __________ to allow for better visualization of the agglutination. | Latex beads |
| Which of the following techniques can be modified to allow for the sorting of populations of cells tagged by labeled antibodies? | Flow cytometry |
| Which of the following assays involves examining bacterial lawns for the presence or absence of viral plaques? | Neutralization |
Created by:
taylore.williamson
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