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Biochem 2 Exam 3
Candas: ch 8, 9, and 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a common and defining feature of lipids? | Hydrophobicity |
| What are lipids sometimes souble in? | non-polar solvents like ether, hexane or chloroform |
| What factors contribute the most to the complexity of lipid digestion, transport, and metabolism? | Water-insolubility and Hydrophobicity |
| T/F: Lipids can be amhipathic? | T |
| Lipids originate entirely or in part by... | Carbanion condesation of Thioester and/or Carbocation condesation of Isoprene units |
| What are the types of lipids? | Fatty Acyls, Glycerolipids, Glycerophospholipids, Sphingolipids, Sterol Lipids, and Prenol Lipids |
| What building block and rxn makes Sterol Lipids and Prenol Lipids? | Carbocation condensation rxn of Isoprene |
| What building block and rxn makes Fatty acyls, Glycerolipids, Glycerphospholipids, Sphingolipidsm, Saccharolipidsm, and Polyketides? | Condensation rxn of Ketoacyls |
| What are examples of Ketoacyl building blocks? | Acetyl and Propionyl |
| What function as structural components of biological membranes? | Tryglycerides |
| What are the functions of Triglycerides? | Stuctural components of membranes, mediate & regulate boundary, transport, and signal(s) in and on cells |
| What are the functions of lipids? | E economy w/in cell, digestion, metabolism regulation, vitamins, 2nd messengers, regulate inflammatory pathways |
| What lipids are important for lipids solubilization and digestion? | Lipophilic bile acids |
| Which lipids act as 2nd messengers and signaling molecules? | Lysogenic |
| What are some industurial applicaitons of lipids? | waxes, surfactants, detergens, and soaps |
| How are human diseases and lipids related? | Disruption of lipid metabolic enzymes and pathways |
| What are lipidomics? | techniques/approaches that are utilized to analyze lipids and their interchaning protein partners in organs, cells, and organelles. |
| What are techniques/approaches that are utilized to analyze lipids and their interchaning protein partners in organs, cells, and organelles called? | Lipidomics |
| What kind of lipids are curcial to normal growth and development? | Dietary |
| How are lipids important to nutrition? | energy sources, fat soluble vitamins, and fatty acid sources |
| T/F: Fatty acids are non-polar? | False |
| Which end of a Fatty acid is the ionic end? | Hydrophillic head |
| Which part of a Fatty acid is nonpolar and hydrophobic? | Hydrocarbon chain |
| How are fatty acids named? | Start with carboxyl group |
| Most naturally occuring FAs have and even or odd # of carbon atoms? | Even |
| What does systemic nomenclature of Fatty acids indicate? | length of C-chain |
| How does butter and olive oil compare/differ in triglycerides? | Olive oil has more unsat fatty acids wheras butter has a mixture of sat and unast fatty acids |
| Beef contains triglycerides with fatty acids that are mostly... | saturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 12:0? Is it sat or unsat? | Lauric Acid, saturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 14:0? Is it sat or unsat? | Myrstic Acid, saturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 16:0? Is it sat or unsat? | Palmitic acid, saturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 18:0? Is it sat or unsat? | Stearic acid, saturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 20:0? Is it sat or unsat? | Arachidic acid, saturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 22:0? Is it sat or unsat? | Behenic acid, saturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 24:0? Is it sat or unsat? | Lignoceric acid, saturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 16:1? Is it sat or unsat? | Palmitoleic acid, unsaturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 18:1? Is it sat or unsat? | Oleic acid, unsaturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 18:2? Is it sat or unsat? | Linoleic acid, unsaturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 20:4? Is it sat or unsat? | Arachidonic acid, unsaturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 24:1? Is it sat or unsat? | Nervonic acid, unsaturated |
| What is the common name for the fatty acid with the symbol 18:3? Is it sat or unsat? | α- or γ-Linolenic acid, unsaturated |
| What is the systemic name for lauric acid? | Dodecanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for myristic acid? | Tetradecanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for palmitic acid? | Hexadecanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for stearic acid? | Octadecanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for arachidic acid? | Eicosanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for behenic acid? | Docosanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for ligonoceric acid? | Tetracosanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for palmitoleic acid? | 9-Hexadecanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for oleic acid? | 9-Octadecanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for linoleic acid? | 9,12-Octadecanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for α-linoleic acid? | 9,12,15-Octadecanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for γ-linolenic acid? | 6,9,12-Octadecanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for arachidonic acid? | 5,8,11,14-Eicosanoic acid |
| What is the systemic name for nervonic acid? | 15-Tetracosanoic acid |
| Why is saturation and unsaturation important for the structure of fattyacids? | unsaturated, C=C bonds, dont allow rotation |
| What does it mean when a fatty is saturated? | no double bonds (all C in hydrocarbon tail are full of H(s)) |
| What do Cis-double bonds do to the hydrophobic chain of fatty acids? | kinks it and makes it unsaturated |
| How does a kink in fatty acid structure affect its properties? | reduces compactability/stackability thus lowering the melting temperature (Tm) |
| How do cis and trans unsat fatty acids differ? | Trans double bonds still allow stacking, classifying them as saturated FAs |
| Which FA configuration is mostly unrecognized in human metabolism? | trans |
| How are trans FAs produced? | byproduct of- hydrogenation, high temps, repeated reuse |
| What effect do trans FAs have on cholesterol? | Decrease HDL and Increase LDL |
| What kind of FAs are prone to oxidation? | polyunsaturated |
| Which part of polyunsat FAs are prone to hydrogen atom abstraction? | Methylene group (-CH2-) between two double bonds (-HC=CH-) -hc=ch-CH2-hc=ch- |
| What is hydrogen atom abstraction? | chemical reaction that involves removing a hydrogen free radical from a substrate |
| In the oxidation of unsat FAs, what stabilizes a peroxy radical into a lipid hydroperoxide? | Hydrogen |
| In the oxidation of unsat FAs, what is R• | Lipid radical |
| What does R• react with to make ROO• | Oxygen |
| What is ROO• in the oxidation of unsat FAs | Peroxy radical |
| What is ROOH in the oxidation of unsat FAs | lipid hydroperoxide |
| Lipid hydroperoxides are relatively _____ and exist in _____ quantities in many ______ fats | stable, significant, natural |
| What causes lipid hydroperoxides to rapidly break down and form aldehydes? | heat and metal catalyst |
| How can lipid oxidation be inhibited? | remove/take out O2 from equation/scenario |
| Why wouldn't removing O2 from storage conatiners or items with lipids prevent oxidation? | preexisting lipid hydroperoxides will breakdown in absence of additional O2 |
| What bind metal ions to catalyze the breakdown of lipid hydroperoxides or generation of radicals? | Metal chelators like EDTA and Citric acid |
| What can be added to delay the oxidation of lipids? | Antioxidant additives like BHA and BHT |
| How do antioxidant additives delay the oxidation of lipids? | they react with radical intermediates, breaking chain rxn |
| Why dont antioxidant additives prevent the oxidation of lipids entirely? | they are only a one time use |
| How does free radical-mediated lipid oxidation affect cells? | damages/impair structure and function of cell membranes |
| What diseases do lipid oxidation-induced damage play a big role in? | cardiovascular disease |
| What molecules can suppress oxidative damage caused by lipid oxidation? | lipid souble vitamins (Vitamin A, E, Leutin and Carotenoids) |
| How does vitamin A, vitamin E, leutin, or carotenoids interact with membranes damaged by oxidation? | scabvenging unpaired e- from lipid radical to break chain rxn |
| What is Astaxanthin? | Carotenoid compound that naturally occurs in algae and causes pink/red color in seafood |
| What are the following acids, linoleic, α and γ linoleic, arachidonic, EPA and DHA | essential cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| What are the following acids, palmitoleicm, oleic, cis-vaccenic, erucic, and nervonic | essential monoenoic fatty acids |
| What are the following acids, Acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, and behenic | essential saturated fatty acids |
| Why are "essential FAs" essential? | they form the precursor to prostaglandins |
| What is the precursor to eicosanoids (prostglandins)? | arachidonic acid |
| What are two major essential fatty acids? | Linoleic and α-Linoleic |
| What are other names for linoleic and α-linoleic fatty acids? | Omega 6 and Omega 3 |
| What positions can human fatty acid desaturase systems desaturate fatty acids? | Δ-4,5,6, and 9 |
| What positions can human fatty acid desarurase systems not introduce double bonds? | after C9 and C10 |
| What is Linoleic acid abbreviation? | LA |
| What is α-Linoleic acid abbreviation? | ALA |
| What is another name for Linoleic acid? | Omega-3 |
| What is another name for α-Linoleic acid? | Omega-6 |
| What are the 3 major types of omega-3 fatty acids ingested in food and digested by the body? | ALA, EPA, and DHA |
| What is the strucutre o fmost omega-3 fatty acids? | polyunsaturated fatty acids with 18-22 long hydrocarbon chains |
| Why are all omega-3 fatty acids liquid at room temp? | multiple double bonds lowering Tm |
| Upon digestion, what is ALA converted into? | EPA and DHA |
| What fatty acids are primarily responsible for production of pro-inflammaroty mediators? | Omega-6 |
| What fatts acids are essential for production of anti-inflammatory mediators? | Omega-3 |
| How do omega-3 polyunsat fatty acids exert anti-inflammatory properties? | synthesis of pro-resolcing mediators: resolvins, maresins, and protectins |
| What properties fo Resolvins have that promote and maintain health and disease prevention? | immunomodulatory, involed in resolution of inflammation preventing dev of chronic inflamm conditions |
| What inflammmatory modulators does EPA have a role in producing? | Resolvins-E1, E2, and E3 |
| What inflammatory mediators does DHA have a role in producing? | Protectin D1, Resolvin D series, and Maresins |
| How could increasing omega-3 in diet affect the body? | increases cardiovascular health by increasing anti-imflamm mediators and decreasing pro-inflamm mediators |
| How do omega-3 fatty acids affect blood vessels? | improve endothelial health |
| What omega-3 fatty acid has been linked to better neurological function and the prevention of cancer and heart disease? | DHA |
| What might be the reason for DHA many beneficial effects? | high degree of conformational flexibility mediated by multipe C=C |
| What is another name for Triglycerides? | Triacylglycerols |
| DHA's interaction with ____ play a prominent role in modulating the local structure and function of cell membrane? | Cholesterol |
| What are the preferred molecule for energy storage? | Triglycerides |
| How much energy does the complete oxidation of 1g triglyceride yield? | 38kJ |
| What define the physical and chemical characteristics of triglycerides? | length of C chain and # & location of C=C |
| What triglycerides make up sunflower oil?, and what are their %s? | %5 Palmitic, 6% Stearic, 30% Oleic, and 59% Linoleic |
| Although Glycerol is not chiral it is... | prochiral |
| Why does acylated glycerol have a sterospecific number system? | it is prochiral molecule that can become chiral when modifying one of the two identical CH2OH groups |
| When are all acylated glycerols chiral? | fatty acid substituents at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions are different. |
| Chirality in glycerides is due to... | central carbon in glycerol has four different substitutions, thus it is a stereogenic center/chiral center. |
| racemic | equal mixture of both enantiomers |
| Stereospecific isomers | enantiomers |
| optical activity | rotation of polarized light in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction due to differential stereospecific interaction of the light and chiral molecules when light passes through |
| T/F: Triacylglycerides and phospholipids are chiral and exist in both enantiomeric from | False |
| T/F: Triacylglycerides and phospholipids are chiral and they exist in one enantiomeric form | True |
| Atherogenic potential of dietary fats strongly influenced by... | stereospecificity of fatty acids on triglycerides |
| Metabolic processing and effects of ___ and ____ implicated in atherogenesis | lipids and postprandial lipemia |
| What has been proposed to be the determining mechanistic factors in a hypothesis for the origin of the three domains of life? | Lipid chirality in cell membranes |
| origin of the Eukarya | symbiosis between a population of Bacteria and a subpopulation of pre-cells with a predominance of the bacteria-type lipid enantiomers |
| Evolutionary difference in the stereochemistry involves the biosynthesis of triacylglycerides and phospholipids from enantiomeric forms of | glycerol-1-P and glycerol3-P |
| What form glycerol-based precursor enantiomers responsible for evolutionary differece of bacteria and eukarya | glycerol-1-P dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase |
| What substrate do glycerol-1-P and glycerol-3-P process? | dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
| sn-glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase is involved in the generation of snglycerol-1-phosphate in ____ | archea |
| sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesizes the enantiomer in ____ | Eukarya and Bacteria |
| esters of long-chain fatty alcohols with longchain fatty acids | waxes |
| Waxes are insoluble in water due to | mostly hydrocarbon composition |
| Functions of waxes | energy stores and act as water-impermeable coatings |
| major component of bees wax | Triacontanylpalmitate |
| Triacontanylpalmitate | Palmitic acid and 1-Triacontanol |
| most useful commercially available waxes | Beeswax |
| spermaceti | wax from whale |
| wax from sheep | wool wax |
| How is spermaceti aquired | frontal organ in the head of the sperm whale P. microcephalus |
| How is wool wax obtained | secreted by the sebaceous glands in sheep skin |
| What lipid derivative has Thermal characteristics resemble plastic polymers | waxes |
| why waxes are soft and have low melting temperatures | wax molecules slide by one another |
| What determines softness of wax | length of the carbon chain (longer is harder) and branches in the carbon chain (the more branching is harder up to a point) |
| how does increase temp affect wax | relative stiffness decrease |
| Natural beeswax is brittle when | cold |
| Natural beeswax melting temperature | 62 to 65 °C |
| Alkali hydrolysis of triacylglycerols yields to formation of glycerol and a metallic salt of a fatty acid | soap |
| Saponification | rxn does not occur normally in biological systems, used in food analysis |
| Saponification does not normally occur in food, with the exception | excessively alkaline cakes |
| reaction provides a basis for estimating average fatty acid chain length in a fat sample | Because only one atom of monovalent metal is taken up per fatty acid chain, regardless of chain length |
| saponification: greater the average chain length of a sample | less sodium or potassium will a given weight of the sample take up |
| amount of sodium or potassium taken up can be determined by | providing a known, excessive amount of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and titrating the excess after permitting saponification to occur |
| important aspect of extraction and analysis of carotenoids | saponification |
| helps to solubilize large quantities of other food components such as proteins and carbohydrates | Saponification |
| mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments | Carotenoids |
| Most important carotenoids | lycopene, carotene, and lutein |
| similar to triglycerides, but have only two fatty acids rather than thre | Glycerophospholipids |
| Glycerophospholipids | carbons 1 and 2 on the glycerol backbone is esterified to two fatty acids, and carbon 3 is esterified to a phosphate group |
| backbone or parent compound for glycerophospholipids | Phosphatidic acid |
| Phosphatidic acid synthesized by | sequential esterification of fatty acids catalyzed by acyltransferases |
| Glycerophospholipids are phospholipids but... | phospholipids are not necessarily glycerophospholipids |
| phosphate group of Glycerophospholipids adds | negative electrical charge, makes that end of the molecule polar |
| T/F: glycerophospholipids are amphipathic | True |
Created by:
trejonathan93
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