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barry patho GI final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The GI tract is a continuous tube from the *** to the *** | mouth to the anus |
| This substance initiates carbohydrate metabolism in the mouth and stomach | amylase |
| Salivary glands are regulated by homones. true or false | False they are regulated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. beta adrenergic stimulation increases salivationAtropine (anticholinergic)drys the mouth |
| How do we obtain nutrients | ingestion digestion absorption |
| ingestion | chewing and swallowing-mechanical digestion |
| digestion | transform nutrients into very small particles-chemical digestion |
| absorption | goes into circulation via the portal and lymph system from the small intestine (lg intest. just absorbs H2O) |
| Propulsion | swallowing movements of the tongue and pharyngeal constrictors propel the food bolus into the esophagus |
| paristalsis | sequential waves of muscular contractions that travel down the esophagus and are preceded by receptive waves of relaxation(also in stomach small and large intestine) |
| the function of the esophagus | to connect the oral cavity to the gastric cavity |
| peristaltic contractions influenced by neural and hormonal activity | occurs in the stomach retropulsion mixing food w/ digestive juices (chyme)and empyting of food through pyloris (also mechanical) |
| true or false all parts of nutrients receive mechanical digestion | True |
| true or false there is digestion that takes place in the esophogus | False |
| mechanical digestion | mastication(mouth),segmentation(sm intest.), churning(stomach)- contraction and movement inside a cavity either by teeth or muscles-not selective |
| Chemical digestion | reducing the size and or complexity of food molecules using digestive enzymes(stomach and sm intestine) |
| 2nd digestion of carbs and 1st digestion of proteins (location) | Stomach |
| HCL | denaturation of proteins in the stomach |
| pepsin | digests protein peptide bond |
| 3 types of cells in the stomach | mucous, chief, parietal |
| mucous cells | secrete mucous to cover lining of the stomach to protect against own digestive enzymes located close to the opening |
| chief cells(zymogenic) | secret pepsinogen- not active, HCL converts to pepsin |
| parietal cells | produce HCL and intrinsic factor |
| ***is required for absoption of vit B12 needed to form erythrocytes | intrinsic factor |
| decreased vit B12 causes | pernicious anemia |
| **** and **** can interfere w/ absorption of vit B12 and cause anemia | gastritus and peptic ulcers |
| The***allows chyme to empty slowly into the small intestine(duodenum), as not to let too much acid into an alkaline env't too quickly | Pyloric valve |
| Layers of the stomach from outside to inside | Serosa(visceral peritoneum and connective tissue layer), muscularis, submucossa, mucosa |
| Muscularis layer of the stomach outer to inner | longitudnal, circular, oblique |
| mucosa layer of the stomach outer to inner | muscularis mucosa, lamina propria, mucous epithelium |
| gastric glands contained in the mucosa | surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, endocrine cells |
| pyloric gland | secretes the hormone gastrin from G cells |
| Enterochromaffin-like cells | secrete histamine |
| D cells | secrete somatostatin |
| gastric pit | A common duct stomach glands empty into |
| microvilli contain 3 vessels what are they | arterial and venous cappillary and lymph (lacteal) |
| Salivary glands | parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
| 2 hhepatic ducts from the liver combine to form | the common hepatic duct |
| common hepatic duct combines with cystic duct from gall bladder to form | the common bile duct |
| the common bile duct and the pacreatic duct combine to form | the hepatopancreatic ampula |
| the hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the | Duodenum at the major duodenal papilla |
| The head of the pancreas is located near*** and the tail is near the *** | the duodenum and the spleen |
| parts of the small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
| The liver produces bile which contains salts necessary for fat absorbtion. It is stored in the | gallbladder |
| The exocrine portion( of the pancreas produces | alkaline fluid that neutralizes chyme, creating a duodenal ph that supports enzymatic action |
| Why is the pancreas known as a dual organ? | It has exocrine(enzymes) and endocrine(insulin) functions |
| enzymes from acini and a network of ducts in the pancreas empty into***which empties into the common bile duct at*** | the pancreatic duct (Wirsung)and ampulla of Vater |
| Icterus(jaundice) | yellow or greenish pigmentation caused by hyperbilirubinemia can be cused by an obstruction of the bile ducts or liver cells. |
| bile leaves the liver by way of the | hepatic duct |
| bile leaves and enters the gall bladder by way of the | cystic duct |
| muscles in the wall of the small intestine | circular and longitudnal |
| ****allows bile to enter the gall bladder from the liver via cystic duct, prevents reflux of duodenal contents, and controls flow into the duodenum | sphincter of odi |
| function of bile | emulsification of fats |
| THe four lobes of the liver | quadrate, caudate, left, and right(largest) |
| T/F the superior portion of the liver is in contact with the diaphragm and the gall bladder is located in the inferior region btwn the Right lobe and the quadrate lobe | True |
| T/F The liver is the largest organ in the abdominal cavity and it is retroperitoneal | False-it is the largest organ, but it is intra peritoneal |
| Functions of the liver | Vascular- to store and filter bloodMetabolic-concerned with most of the metabolic systems of the bodySecretory-bile formation and secretionExcretory |
| THe location of the liver? | Superior border @ the 4th ICS in the R upper quadrant (hypochondriac region) |
| Seperates the Right and left lobes | Falciform ligament |
| Functional unit of the liver | liver lobule |
| Hepatic triad on the outside of the lobule | Bile duct, Hepatic portal vein, Hepatic artery |
| Each liver lobule is formed of plates of ***which are the functional cells of the liver | hepatocytes |
| The*** are capillaries that receive a mixture of arterial and venous blood from branches of the hepatic art and portal vein | Sinusoids |
| Blood from the sinusoids drains into | the central vein in each lobule |
| venous blood from all the central veins drains into the **** and then into the *** | hepatic vein and IVC |
| bile canaliculli are adjacent to hepatocytes in a lobule, which produce the bile, conduct bile outward while the blood flow is toward the inside T/F | true |
| Kupffer cells | part of the immune system clean and destroy invaders--phagocytic macrophages--no more than 1% of the bacteria entering through the portal system willexit into the hepatic veins |
| The liver stores a blood volume of *** or **% of the body's total blood volume | 450ml or 10% |
| Every minute ** liter of blood flows sfrom the portal vein into the liver sinusoids and ***ml from the arterial system. Total *** l/min | 1.1, 350, 1.45L/min |
| **% of resting CO and **% of total body blood flow | 29% and 33% |
| Liver converts fructose and galactose into | glucose |
| Sucrose is formed by what 2 monosaccarides | Fructose and glucose |
| Lactose is formed by what 2 monosaccarides | glucose and galactose |
| glucose+glucose forms what disaccharide | maltose |
| Type of carbohydrate that is used for nucleic acids and ATP formation | pentose |
| Type carb used for nutrition | hexose |
| Long chains of maltose | glycogen |
| Determinant of liver fx..converts lactic acid into glucose during anaerobic metabolism | Cori Cycle |
| functions of Fat metabolism in the liver | Oxidation of fa to supply energy.Forms lipoproteinsSynthesis of cholesterol and phospholipidsConversion of carbs and protein into fat |
| ~80% of cholesterol is converted into | Bile salts |
| Function of protein metabolism in the liver | Deamination of aa. Formation of urea (ammonia removal)Formation of plasma proteins. Transamination |
| Ammonia comes from | the process of deamination and bacteria in the GI tract |
| Some things the liver excretes | Drugs, metabolites of hormones and other body substances, and Ca++ into the bile and feces |
| vitamins the liver stores | A, D, B12 and iron |
| The liver forms these coag factors | fibrinogen, prothrombin, and V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII (5, 7-13) |
| T/F The liver can synthesize the 8 essential aa | False the liver can synthesize all the non esential aa by using the transaminases |
| fuel for the heart | fatty acids |
| Transamination | interconversion of one aa into another |
| Deamination | amino group is eliminated as uric acid and removed as urea |
| gluconeogenesis | The liver uses fats and proteins to make glucose |
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jenbirne69
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