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Mid-Term Physiology
Mid-Term Physiology; Thibodeau, K.P. G. (2018). Anthony's Textbook of Anatomy &
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | Correct temperature, pressure, chemical composition |
| afferent | towards |
| efferent | away |
| Feedkback loop | 1) sensor mechanism -senses something is off sends signal to control center 2)integator or control center -recieves input; part of brain; sends efferent signal if change needed 3)effector mechanism -organs influence varibles 4) feedback |
| Negative feedback | oppose change by creating a response that is opposite ex-shivering |
| Positive feedback | -often harmful -amplify change -NOT homostatic |
| Set point | where body level should be at; |
| Feedforward | info flows forward to other processes in anticipation of an event |
| Intracellular control mechanisms | regulate at a cell level |
| Intrinsic control | regulate at tissue or organ level |
| Extrinsic control | operates at system or organism level -nervous and endocrine systems |
| Functional groups | arrangments of atoms attached to carbon core of organic molecules; radicals or R |
| Free radical | unattached functional group; highly reactive |
| Carbohydrates | C, H, O 1:2:1 -sugars and starches -primary source of chemical energy |
| Monosaccharides | -small, simple sugars -MOST IMPORTANT GLUCOSE -ex fructose, galactose, pentose (rna, dna) |
| Disaccharides | -double sugar -bonded by dehydration reaction (removal of water) |
| Polysaccharides | -complex sugars -bonded by dehydration reaction (removal of water) ex- sucrose, maltose, and lactose |
| Polymer | large molecule made of identical smaller molecules ex- glycogen --animal starch |
| Lipids | water-insoluble organic biomolecule -NON-polar -C, H, O less O than carbs -energy, structure, cell membranes |
| Triglycerides or FATS | -most abundant -most concentrated energy -made of glycerol and fatty acids |
| Saturated fatty acid | all bonds are filled with H; no double bonds |
| Monosaturated fatty acids | ONLY 1 double carbon bond |
| Polysaturated fatty acids | More than 1 double carbon bond |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | 1 or more double bonds; not all are filled with H |
| Phospholipids | -P & N head hydrophilic tail hydrophobic |
| Steroids | ex- cholestrol- plamsa membrane around every body cell |
| Prostaglandins (PG) | -tissue hormones -formed and released in response to a stimulus- -regulate hormones, BP, digestive juices, immune system, blood clotting |
| Proteins | C, H, O, N -structure and function (enzymes) |
| Amino acids | -peptide bond, carboxyl + amino acid group |
| Primary protein structure | amino acids in a chain |
| Secondary protein structure | folding and twisting of amino acids |
| Terriary protein structure | 2nd level twists and folds to form 3D |
| Quaternary protein structure | more than one foldled amino acid chain |
| Membrane potenical | positive ions outside the membrane; negative inside |
| Resting potenical | no electrical signals -70mV (resting membrane potenical (RMP) |
| Stimulus-gated channels | ion channels that open by sensory or chemical stimulus |
| Ligand- gated channels | open or close by stimulation of a correct ligand to recceptor -only happen in small locations of the membrane |
| Depolarization | movement of membrane potenical towards zero |
| Hyperpolarization | membrane potenical away from zero |
| Action potenical steps | 1) stimulus triggers Na+ channels to open (depolarize) 2) threshold is reached; voltage gated Na+ channels open 3) more Na+ enters increased depolarization 4)action potencial peaks; voltage gated Na+ closes |
| Repolarization steps | after action potencial 1) voltage gated K+ channels open 2) brief hyperpolarization 3) resting potenical restored by channels returning to OG state |
| Refractory period | brief time local area of axon's membrane resists restimulation |
| Saltory conduction | action potenical flows from node to node; "leaping" |
| Synapse | signal from one neuron to another |
| Electrical synapse | two cells are joined by gap junctions - continue signal without pause ex-cardiac muscles, smooth muscles |
| Chemical synapse | use a chemical transmitter to send signals -synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane |
| Synaptic knob | bulb at end of presynaptic axon -lots of neurotransmitters |
| Synaptic cleft | space between knob and plasma membrane of postsynaptic cleft |
| Postsynaptic membrane | space on postsynaptic cleft with receptors to recieve neurotransmitters |
| Spatial summation | when synaptic knobs have enough leftover neurotransmitters add together to create an action potenical |
| Temporal summation | when synpaptic knobs stimulate a postsynatic neuron in rapid succession |
| Memory | form when flow of info is facilitated by synapses |
| Short-term memory | presynaptic facilitaiton inhibition at particular synapses |
| Intermediate long term memory | presynaptic activity lasts longer by releasing serotonion to block K+ channel from rapidly repolararizing the membrane |
| Long-term memories | change in structure of synapse; increased vesicles stored, increased membrane locations, increase of presynaptic axon terminals, increase in dendritees that allow postsynaptic facilitation |
| Ionotropic receptors | directly change ion permeability when stimulated |
| Metabotropic receptors | binds to receptor that sets a metabolic pathway that opens or closes ion channels -g proteins |
| Convergence | many neuropathways funneled into one |
| Divergence | one neuropathway split or copied |
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makayla.davis
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