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LING Ch 5 Morphology
Morphology terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ∅ | The notational symbol to indicate an empty affix or zero affix, i.e., that a morpheme that has no overt form |
| Adjective | A word that belongs to a class whose members modify nouns or pronouns |
| Adverb | A word belonging to a class of words which modify any constituent class of words except nouns or pronouns, e.g., verbs, adjectives, adverbs, phrases, clauses, sentences |
| Affix | A morpheme attached to a word stem or base to form a new word or word form |
| Affixation | A morphological process in which a morpheme is attached to a root |
| Agreement (grammatical) | A formal relationship between elements whereby a form of one word requires a corresponding form of another |
| Agglutinative Language | A language in which words are made up of a linear sequence of distinct morphemes & each component of meaning is represented by its own morpheme |
| Allomorph | A phonetic variation of a morpheme |
| Allomorphy | The phenomenon in which morphemes have a consistent meaning, but appear in different forms depending on the environment |
| Ambiguity | The presence of multiple permissible meanings or interpretations; compatibility with more than one structural representation |
| Animacy | A grammatical feature categorizing nouns based on their living or sentient nature |
| Aspect | A grammatical category associated with verbs that expresses a temporal view of the event or state expressed by the verb |
| Base | A morpheme/form of a word that derivational affixes (e.g., prefixes, suffixes) can be added to |
| Bound morpheme | A morpheme that cannot occur alone as a word |
| Case | The marking on nouns that reflects their grammatical role in the sentence |
| Category | A set of objects that are considered as having common features |
| Causative | An inflectional distinction that expresses that an event was caused by an outside actor |
| Circumfix | A two-part affix that surrounds & attaches to a root or stem |
| Clusivity | The distinction between inclusive we & exclusive we |
| Compound | A word containing a stem that is made up of more than one root; a word that contains multiple roots in a single word |
| Compounding | A morphological process in which two or more roots form a new word |
| Conjunction | A word used to connect words, phrases, & clauses, e.g., and, but, or; because, although, etc. |
| Constituency | The compositional structure of language; a form of order in language, where higher units are made up out of smaller ones |
| Constituent | A linguistic structural part of a larger word, sentence, phrase, or clause |
| Continuous aspect | An imperfective aspect that expresses an ongoing, but not habitual, occurrence of the state or event expressed by the verb |
| Determiner | A word or affix that modifies, describes, quantifies, or introduces a noun |
| Derivational morphology | Morphology that changes the meaning or category of its base |
| Direct object | The person or thing that directly receives the action or effect of the verb: it answers the question "what" or "whom" |
| Distribution | The grammatical contexts in which words or morphemes are used |
| Distributional test | A way of assessing words to determine if they are of the same class, i.e., if a group of words can all fill one syntactic slot, then they can be said to be of the same class of words |
| Dual number | A grammatical category used for groups of exactly two things |
| Dvandva compound | A compound in which multiple individual nouns join to form a new compound word in which the conjunction merges to form a new word with a distinct meaning |
| Endocentric | (Of a compound) Having a head, i.e., a part of the compound describes its member |
| Exocentric | (Of a compound) Not having a head, i.e., no part of the compound describes its member |
| Evidential | An inflectional marking to indicate a speaker’s certainty about what they’re saying or the source of their evidence for what they say |
| First person | A set of words or forms (as pronouns or verb forms) referring to the one who makes an utterance, e.g., I, me, my, mine, we |
| First person inclusive (Inclusive we) | Me + you and maybe some other people |
| First person exclusive (exclusive we) | Me + one or more other people, not you |
| Free morpheme | A single morpheme that can occur as a word on its own |
| Fusional language | A language in which many inflectional meanings are combined into single affixes – one form of a morpheme can simultaneously encode several meanings |
| Gender | A grammatical category of noun classes |
| Gerund | The -ing form of a verb when it functions as a noun |
| Gloss | A brief notation, especially a marginal one or an interlinear one, of the meaning of a word, a word’s parts, or wording in a text |
| Head (morphology) | A morpheme or base to which an affix is adjoined; the part of a compound determining the properties of the word as a whole |
| Headedness (morphology) | The condition of having one distinct element (the “head”) that determines the category of a complex word or phrase as a whole |
| Homophones | Words that sound the same but have different meanings |
| Indirect object | The person or thing that receives the direct object & answers the question "for what," "of what," "to what," "for whom," "of whom," or "to whom" |
| Infix | An affix that attaches inside its base & appears in the middle of another morpheme |
| Inflectional morphology | Morphology that expresses grammatical information appropriate to a word’s category; does not change a word’s category |
| Inflectional test | A way of assessing words to determine if they are of the same class, i.e., if a group of words can take a particular inflectional suffix, then they can be said to be of the same class of words |
| Interjection | A form, typically brief, such as one syllable or word, which is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation |
| Internal change | A morphological process that alter a word’s internal structure |
| Irregular | (Of a word) Not obeying the usual rules in the language for word changes |
| Isolating (or analytic) language | A language in which almost every word consists of a single morpheme |
| Iterative aspect | A grammatical aspect expressing the repetition of an event observable on one single occasion |
| Lexical categories | Classes of words (e.g., noun, verb, preposition) which differ in how other words can be constructed out of them |
| Lexically conditioned allomorphy | The alteration of a morpheme’s form that is determined by its root |
| Lexicon | A person’s mental dictionary; the part of a grammar containing a speaker’s or signer’s knowledge about morphemes & words |
| Meaning | The message conveyed by words, sentences, & symbols in a context |
| Modality | A morphological feature expressing the possibility or necessity of something happening |
| Morpheme | the smallest unit of language that contains meaning, pairing both form (sign or sound) & meaning or grammatical function |
| Morpheme-by-morpheme gloss | Explanations about the meanings & grammatical properties of individual words & parts of words |
| Morphological test | The process of looking at a set of words’ morphology to determine their category or categories |
| Morphological word | A word for the purposes of morphology |
| Morphologically complex | (Of words) Containing more than one morpheme |
| Morphologically simple | (Of words) Containing more than one morpheme |
| Morphology (in linguistics) | The study of how words are put together; the study of the internal structure of words |
| Negation | A grammatical construction that contradicts (or negates) all or part of the meaning of a sentence |
| Noun | A word that refers to people, places, things, ideas, or concepts & may act as the subjects of a verb, the object of a verb (direct or indirect), or object of a preposition (or postposition) |
| Number | A grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, & verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" or "more than one") |
| Numeral | A word that expresses a number & relation to a number, such as quantity, sequence, frequency, fraction, etc. |
| Obviation | A morphological feature appearing on nouns & pronouns to distinguish a relatively non-salient (obviative) third-person referent in a given context from a relatively salient (proximate) one |
| Object of a verb | The thing/person that the action is done to or that is affected by a verb |
| Orthography | A set of conventions for writing a language, i.e., norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word boundaries, emphasis, & punctuation |
| Paraphrase | A different way of saying the same thing |
| Part of Speech | A category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions, e.g., nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, & interjections |
| Participle | A word derived from a verb, that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives |
| Paucal number | A grammatical category used for small groups |
| Person | The grammatical distinction between references to participant(s) in an event, e.g., first person (speaker), second person (addressee), third person (others) |
| Phonological word | A word for the purposes of sound patterns |
| Phonologically conditioned allomorphy | The alteration of a morpheme’s form because of the effect of the sounds before or after the morpheme |
| Plural | A grammatical category of number that indicates more than one |
| Polysynthetic language | A language in which words tend to consist of several morphemes |
| Possessor | A person, company, etc. that owns or has possession something |
| Prefix | An affix that attaches before its base |
| Preposition | A usually small word that shows the relationship in time, space, etc. between a noun or pronoun & other words in a sentence, e.g., in, out, below, before, after, of, etc.) |
| Pronoun | A word that functions like a noun & substitutes for a noun or noun phrase, e.g.. they, she, it, them, etc. |
| Reduplication | A morphological process in which a root or stem or part of it is repeated as part of a morphological pattern |
| Regular | (Of a word) Obeying the usual rules in the language for word changes |
| Root | The morpheme that remains when all affixes are removed; the core of a word that cannot be further analyzed without losing its meaning |
| Second person | A set of words or forms (as pronouns or verb forms) referring to the one to whom the utterance in which they occur is addressed, e.g., you, yours |
| Segment (noun) | Any discrete unit that can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech or the formation of a word |
| Segment (verb) | Divide words in another language into their individual morphemes, i.e., identify roots & affixes in complex words |
| Selection | The property of derivational affixes to not only create particular categories but also to attach to specific categories |
| Semantic definition | A definition based on a word’s meaning |
| Simultaneous affix | An affix in signed languages that takes place at the same time as its base |
| Singular | A grammatical category of number that indicates exactly one |
| Stem | A base that has a lexical meaning & to which inflectional affixes can be added |
| Subject | The part of a sentence or clause that commonly indicates (a) what it is about or (b) who or what performs the action (i.e., the agent). |
| Suffix | An affix that follows its base |
| Suppletion | A morphological process in whcih one stem replaces another with another which has no phonological similarity |
| Syllable | A unit of sound composed of a central peak of sonority (usually a vowel) & the consonants that cluster around this central peak |
| Syntactically independent | (of a word) able to appear in different positions in a sentence, changing their order in relation to other elements |
| Syntactic test | The process of looking at a set of words’ syntactic function to determine their category or categories |
| Syntactic word | A word for the purposes of sentence structure |
| Syntax | Sentence structure; the study of the structure & formation of sentences |
| Synthetic language | A language with a lot of morphological complexity in words, often with no (or very few) free roots |
| Tense | A grammatical category that refers to the time of the event or state indicated by a verb in relation to some other temporal reference point |
| Third person | A set of words or forms (as pronouns or verb forms) referring to another person or thing & not directly about the speaker or about the person being addressed, e.g., they, she, he, their |
| Tonal morpheme | A morpheme expressed solely as tone in languages where a change in tone expresses grammatical information |
| Trail number | A grammatical category used for groups of exactly three things |
| Tree diagram | A graphical representation of the linear & hierarchical structure of a word, phrase, or sentence |
| Typology | The study of the ways the languages of the world vary in their patterns, e.g., which grammatical patterns are common to many languages & which are rare |
| Verb | A word (part of speech) that, in syntax, generally conveys an action (bring, read, walk), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand) |
| Word | The smallest separable unit in a language, the smallest unit that can stand on its own in an utterance |
| (Word) Structure | The relationship between morphemes & meaning in words |
| Zero (or empty) affix | The member of a set of inflectional affixes represented by the absence of an expected morpheme |
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