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Physiology Ch. 23
Respiratory System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The ____ side of the heart supplies the respiratory system, and it is _____ pressure. | Right, lower |
| We can only phonate (speak) when we are ______. | Exhaling |
| Upper respiratory tract | Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx |
| Lower respiratory tract | Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli |
| Gas exchange occurs in the _____, _____, and _____. | Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli |
| Conducting zone | Focuses on getting air down to alveolar sacs while warming and humidifying it. Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi |
| Respiratory zone | Where gas exchange occurs, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli |
| Mucosa | Mucus membrane that lines the respiratory tract. Has IgA, globlet cells, and mucin protein. |
| Respiratory epithelia and where it is | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar--trachea and bronchi Simple squamous--alveolar ducts and alveoli |
| Alveolar ducts and alveoli only have simple squamous epithelium in order for _____ of ____ and ____ to occur. | Simple diffusion, O2, CO2. |
| All epithelial tissue sits on a ________. | Basement membrane. |
| Immunoglobulin A (IgA) | Antibody protein |
| Nasal conchae ____ and ____ air. We have ____, ____, and ____ ones. | Warm, humidify. Superior, middle, inferior. |
| Ciliary action | "mucociliary escalator", moves mucus away from lungs |
| Nasopharynx | Air passage that has tonsils |
| Oropharynx | Middle throat region for tonsils. Food and air. Behind mouth. |
| Laryngopharynx | Food and air passage. Has epiglottis |
| Larynx | Protected by epiglottis. Voice box with vocal cords that only vibrate when exhaling. Boundary between upper-lower respiratory tracts. |
| The _____ is the boundary between the upper and lower respiratory tracts. | Larynx |
| Bronchioles have _____ cartilage. | No |
| 2 main bronchi (R&L) are supported by incomplete rings of _____ cartilage. | Hyaline |
| Alveoli Type I Cells | 300-400 million per lung. Simple squamous cell for gas exchange that fuse with endothelial cells of capillaries by their basement membranes. |
| Alveolar pores | Openings in alveoli type I cells that relieve pressure |
| Interalveolar septum | Divides alveolar type I cells |
| Alveolar Type II cells | Secretes surfactant via pneumocytes which decreases surface tension, making it easier for alveolar type I cells to inflate. |
| Pneumocytes | In alveolar cells, help secrete surfactant. |
| Alveolar-capillary membrane | Site of gas exchange |
| Alveolar machrophages | Collect dust |
| Respiratory membrane | Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium are fused. |
| R lung is ____ and ____ than left. | Larger, wider |
| R lung has ______ and ____ fissures. L lung has _____ fissure. | Horizontal, oblique. Oblique. |
| The lungs natural inclination is to ______. | Collapse. |
| Pulmonary circulation | R side of heart to lung to L side. |
| Bronchial circulation | Takes oxygenated blood to the lung to USE |
| Lymph drainage | Removes excess fluid and collects particles not taken by cilia |
| Bronchodilation is caused by _______. | Sympathetic nervous system |
| Bronchoconstriction is caused by ________. | Parasympathetic vagus nerve. |
| Bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation are signaled by the _______. | Brainstem |
| Pleura | Serous membrane lining lung surfaces and thoracic wall. Keeps pressure in thoracic cavity. |
| Visceral layer of pleaura | Along lung surface |
| Parietal layer of pleura | Along thoracic walls |
| Pulmonary ventiation | Gas moves between atmosphere and alveoli |
| Alveolar gas exchange | External respiration, is between blood and alveoli |
| Gas transport | Gases in blood moving between lungs and systematic cells |
| Systematic gas exchange | Internal respiration; gas exchange between systematic cells (tissue) and blood. |
| Intrapleural fluid | Surrounds lungs and lubricates pleural surfaces so that they resist friction from breathing |
| Time of inhalation and exhalation cycle | 5 seconds |
| ____ breaths per minute | 12 |
| Pressure moves from ____ to _____. | High, low |
| During inhalation, the pressure in the lungs is ____ than the pressure of the atmosphere. | Lower |
| Flow is proportional to _____. | Change in pressure/R |
| Transpulmonary pressure equation | P (alveolar) - P (pleural cavity) |
| Residual volume | Amount of air lungs contain, even after exhalation |
| When the diaphragm relaxes, we ____. When it constricts, we _____. | Exhale. Inhale. |
| It is the ______, not _____ that causes repiration. | Pressure change, muscles. |
| Muscles of quiet inspiration | Diaphragm and external intercostals. |
| Quiet exhalation requires _____. Is due to _____. | No muscles, relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals. |
| Tidal movement during quiet breathing | 500mL (0.5L) |
| Tidal movement | Total amount of air drawn into body |
| Pulmonary ventilation equation | Pulmonary ventilation = tidal volume times respiratory rate. 6000mL/min = 500mL times 12 breaths/min |
| Anatomical dead space | Where there is no gas exchange (conducting zone) |
| About _____ per breath stays in the anatomical dead space. | 150mL |
| Total dead space equation | = alveolar dead space + anatomical dead space ventilation |
| Vital capacity | Amount of air that can be forceable expired after max inhalation |
| Vital capacity equation | VC = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume |
| Residual volume value | 1200mL |
| Inspiratory/expiratory reserve volume | Where you inhale/exhale as much as you can |
| In forceful exhalation, the ______ are used (name them). | 4 abdominal girdle muscles: Internal and external obliques, transversalis abdominus, rectus abdominus. |
| Airflow | Amount of air moving in and out of lungs at each breath. Is proportional to change in P/R. |
| Bronchoconstriction _____ R. | Increases |
| The easier the lung expands, the ____ the compliance. | Greater |
| Compliance | Ease with which both lungs and chest wall expand. Determined by surface tension and elasticity of chest and lungs. |
| An increased work of breathing means _____ forceful inspiration. | More |
| Ventilation | Process of air moving in/out of lungs |
| Perfusion | Process where deoxygenated blood passes through lungs and becomes oxidized. |
| If there is no O2 in alveolar sac, it is ________ and the precapillary sphincters are _____. | Bypassed, closed |
| CO2 is about _____ times ____ soluble than O2. | 24, more. |
| CO2 ____ to be soluble. | Likes |
| CO2 travel steps | CO2 from tissue->to blood->enters RBC->makes H2CO3 with H2O in RBC->Enzyme chloric anhydrase splits it to H+ and HCO3-->HCO3- leaves RBC and Cl- enters (chloride shift). At lungs, this process goes backwards so CO2 can enter alveoli to be exhaled. |
| Chloride shift | Part in CO2 transport where HCO3- leaves RBC and Cl- enters it. |
| Enzyme in CO2 transport | Chloric anhydrase |
| Each red blood cells carries about _____ O2. | 1 billion |
| CO2 can be removed in __ ways. O2 can be removed ___ way. | 3, 1. |
| Only ______ of transported O2 is released from the hemoglobin in tissue bed. | 20-25% |
| O2 reserve | O2 remaining in hemoglobin after passing through systemic circulation |
| V/Q ratio | Ratio of alveolar ventilation (air moving in/out of alveoli) to perfusion (perfusion=CO) |
| Hyperpnea | Breathing depth increases to satisfy tissue needs |
| _____ initiates breath with the ____ nerve. | Medulla, phrenic |
| _____ smooths out breaths. | Pons |
| Together, the ____ and ____ have respiratory centers that communicate to decide the rate and depth of respiration. | Medulla, pons |
| Phrenic nerve | Nerve that goes to the diaphragm from the medulla. |
| Diaphragm and other muscles of respiration require ______ to initiate contraction. | Action potentials |
| Epiglottis is made of ____ cartilage. | Elastic |
| Carina | Where trachea splits to left and right lungs |
| Trachea | Windpipe, has carina |
| Trachea has ______ C-shapes hyaline cartilage rings. They _____. | 16-20. Prevent airway collapse |
| Bronchioles have ____ cartilage but have a _____ layer of smooth muscle. | No, thicker. |
| Acinus | Another word for respiratory zone |
| Total lung capacity equation | TLC = residual volume + tidal volume + IRV + ERV |
| Gas exchange occurs ____ of the time blood is in the capillary bed. | 1/3 |
| When CO2 is high in an alveoli, bronchioles ______, so that the CO2 is expelled. | Dilate |
| When O2 is high in alveoli (maximal ventilation), arterioles _____ so ______ blood will go to the area. | Dilate, more. |
| Ventilation equation | Ventilation = R.R. times tidal volume - dead space |
| Perfusion is equal to ______. | Cardiac output (HR times SV) |
| Sympathetic innervation causes blood vessels to ______ and airways to ______. | Constrict, dilate. |
| Parasympathetic innervation causes blood vessels to ______ and airways to _______. | Dilate, constrict. |
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