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Physiology Ch. 20
Blood Vessels
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pulmonary arteries | Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs |
| Pulmonary veins | Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart |
| ____ of total circulating blood is found in the capillaries at any given time. | 5% |
| Microcirculation | Arteries->arterioles->capillary bed->venules->veins |
| The circulatory system is a ____ _____, meaning it has 2 _____ that originate and terminate in the ______. | Closed loop, circuits, heart |
| Pulmonary circuit | R atrium through lungs to left atrium, then R ventricle and leaves via pulmonary trunk. O2 poor blood goes to lungs |
| Pulmonary trunk | Part of pulmonary circuit, takes blood from the R ventricle to lungs. |
| Systematic circuit | L ventricle->all organs except lungs->R atrium |
| _____ receive all blood pumped by the right side of heart. | Lungs |
| Endothelial cells | Smooth, single-celled layer of epithelial cells lining chambers of heart and blood vessels and making up capillaries |
| Tunics of blood vessels | Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa |
| Tunica intima | Innermost layer of blood vessels. Endothelium |
| Tunica media | Middle layer of blood vessels. Has circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle with elastic fibers. Is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
| Vasoconstriction | Narrowing of lumen, when tunica media contracts |
| Vasodilation | Widening of lumen, when tunica media relaxes |
| Tunica externa | Outermost layer of blood vessels. Helps anchor vessel to other structures, and may contain vasa vasorum |
| Vasa vasorum | Small arteries required to supply very large vessels. |
| _____ means "blood vessels of the blood vessels". | Vasa vasorum |
| Arteries have ____ tunica media and _____ lumen than veins. They also have _____ elastic fibers. | Thicker, narrower, more |
| Veins have _____ tunica externa and a _____ lumen. Wall ____ if no blood in vessel. | Thicker, wider |
| Capillaries have only tunica _____. | Intima |
| Arterioles | Smallest type of artery. Larger types have all 3 tunica, smaller only thin endothelium. Their smooth muscle is usually somewhat constricted (vasomotor tone). Help control blood flow into a capillary. |
| Arterioles have ____ walls than arteries. | Thinner |
| Elastic (conducting) arteries | Are the largest. Aorta and pulmonary ones. Conduct blood from heart to medium sized arteries |
| Muscular arteries | Medium sized. Are capable of great vasoconstriction/dilation to adjust vessel pressure and rate of blood flow. Are most named arteries and include internal and external elastic lamina. |
| Internal elastic lamina | Elastic tissue between tunica intima and tunica media, in muscular arteries |
| External elastic lamina | Elastic tissue between tunica media and tunica externa, in muscular arteries |
| Vasomotor tone | When the smooth muscle is somewhat constricted, is usually in arterioles |
| Capillaries | Smallest of all blood vessels. Site of gas and nutrient exchange. Walls are endothelium only. |
| Gas and nutrient exchange occurs via ______. | Diffusion |
| Intercellular clefts | Gaps between endothelial cells in capillary wall |
| Types of capillaries: | Fenestrated, sinusoids, coninuous |
| Fenestrated capillaries | Endothelial cells form continuous lining, but the cells have pores to allow movement of smaller plasma proteins. Are in kidneys for filtering, intestine for absorption, and choroid plexus in brain. |
| Sinusoids | Type of capillary where endothelial cells form incomplete lining, allowing transport of large substances. In bone marrow, spleen, and anterior pituitary. |
| Continuous capillaries | Endothelial cells form continuous lining, with tight junctions connecting them though they have intercellular clefts (don't form complete seal). Brain, lungs, skeletal and smooth muscle, skin |
| Capillary beds | Groups of capillaries functioning together, fed by metarteriole |
| Metarteriole | Vessel branch of arteriole, connects terminal arteriole to postcapillary venule through thoroughfare channel |
| Thoroughfare channel | Connects metarteriole to post capillary venule. |
| True capillaries | Vessels branching from metarteriole that makes up bulk of capillary bed |
| Arterioles are critical for control of _____ and _____. | Blood pressure, blood flow |
| Precapillary spincter | Smooth muscle ring at beginning of true capillary that regulates flow of blood based on local factors |
| Vasomotion | Cycle of contracting and relaxing of precapillary sphincters |
| Perfusion | Amount of blood entering capillaries per unit time per gram of tissue (mL/min/g) |
| The _____ metabolic activity (tendons, ligaments), the _____ capillaries. | Less, less |
| Arteriole dilation can occur because of: | O2 deficit, CO2 increase, lower pH |
| Basal/intrinsic tone | Spontaneous contractile activity |
| Veins function as _____. | Blood reservoirs |
| Larger veins have ____ so blood doesn't pool in limbs. | Valves |
| Venules | Smallest veins, companion vessel to arterioles. Merge to form veins. |
| _____ of total blood at any given time is found in the veins. | 70% |
| Veins are ____-pressure part of cardiovascular circuit. They are also _____ muscular, so can distend more. | Low, less |
| Compliance | Distensibility of vessel when exposed to pressure. Increases when large volume can be accommodated with less pressure change. Lowers when volume change results of increased P |
| Veins can't pump blood back to heart on own, so uses: | Respiratory pump and skeletal muscular pump |
| Respiratory pump | Is in thorax (chest). P changes in ventral cavity because of P changes due to breathing. Increases venous return and BF during inspiration. |
| Inspiration _____ venous return and BF. | Increases |
| Skeletal muscular pump | Muscles contract to force blood forward and prevents backflow |
| What controls the smooth muscle in veins? | SNS |
| Simple pathway | Artery->arteriole->capillary->venule->vein -arteriole->capillary->venule is in the organ |
| End artery | Artery that provides only one path for blood to reach organ |
| Arterial anastomosis | 2+ arteries converge at same organ/region |
| Venous anastomosis | 2+ veins drain same body region/organ |
| Arterivenous anastomosis | Transports blood from artery directly to vein |
| Portal system | 2 capillary beds in sequence. Artery->capillary->portal vein->capillary->vein |
| Total cross-sectional area | Sum of diameters of all vessels of a certain type |
| Collectively, total cross-sectional area of all _____ is largest because there are so many. | Capillary beds |
| Cross-sectional area | Lumen diameter |
| Blood flow velocity is ____ to total cross-sectional area | Inversely related |
| Blood flow velocity is _____ in capillaries, in order to _____. | Slowest, exchange gases and materials |
| Metabolically active tissues have ______ vascularity. | High |
| Angeogenesis | Formation of new vessels |
| Blood flow is ____ regulated based on _____ and ____ in tissue. | Locally, O2, CO2 |
| Vasoactive chemicals | Chemicals that alter blood flow. Can be vasodilators or vasocontrictors |
| Vasodilators | Vasoactive chemical that relaxes precapillary sphincters and dilate arterioles |
| Vasoconstrictors | Vasoactive chemicals that constrict precapillary sphincters and narrow arterioles |
| Reactive hyperemia | Increase in blood flow after it is temporarily interrupted. This increase is required to resupply O2, etc. |
| Total blood flow equals: | Cardiac output |
| Intercellular clefts and fused-vesicle channels are _____ found in brain capillaries due to _____. | Not, blood-brain barrier |
| Bulk flow | Fluids flow down pressure gradient |
| Filtration | Fluid moves out of blood, occurs on arterial end of capillary |
| Reabsorption | Fluid moves back into blood, occurs on venous end of capillary. |
| Hydrostatic pressure | Force exerted by a fluid |
| Blood hydrostatic pressure (HPb) | Promotes filtration from capillary. |
| Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (HBif) | Force of ISF on outside of blood vessel close to O in most tissues |
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure is ______ than ISF hydrostatic pressure. | Greater |
| Colloid osmotic pressure | Pull on water due to presence of proteins (colloid) |
| Blood colloid osmotic pressure (COPb) | Draws fluid into blood because of blood proteins, promoting reabsorption. |
| Oncotic pressure | Clinical name for blood colloid osmotic pressure |
| Normal blood colloid osmotic pressure is: | 35mm of Hg |
| ISF colloid osmotic pressure (COPif) | Draws fluid into ISF, relatively low because there isn't a lot of proteins |
| Osmotic force _____ filtration. | Opposes |
| H2O movement is favored _____ ISF into capillaries. | From |
| The difference between capillary blood hydrostatic pressure and ISF hydrostatic pressure favors filtration ______ of capillary. | Out |
| Net filtration pressure (NFP) equation | NFP = (HPb - HPif) - (COPb - COPif) |
| NFP is _____ at arterial end of capillary than venous. | Greater |
| Generally, amount of fluid lost to ISF and NOT reabsorbed is: | 4L/day |
| Fluid not reabsorbed into blood is picked up by ____ and returned to _____. | Lymph system, circulation |
| Blood pressure | Force of blood against a vessel wall |
| Blood pressure gradient | Change in P from one end of vessel to other, propels blood through vessels |
| Systolic pressure | Occurs when ventricle contracts, is highest P generated in arteries |
| Diastolic pressure | When ventricles relax, arteries recoil. |
| Pulse pressure | Pressure in arteries aided by heart constriction. Equals difference between systolic P and diastolic P. 120mmHg - 70mmHg = 50mmHg |
| Palpable pulses | Temporal artery, carotid artery, facial artery, brachial artery, radial artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, dorsalis pedis artery, posterior tibial artery |
| Capillary blood pressure _____ change between systolic and diastolic. | Change |
| Arterial end of capillary has b.p. of _____. | 35mmHg |
| Venous end has b.p. of ____. | 15mmHg |
| Total blood flow is proportional to: | Change in P divided by resistance |
| Resistance can be increased by: | Increase of blood viscosity, increased vessel length, decreased vessel lumen diameter |
| Blood flow is always ____ pressure to ____ pressure. | Greater, lower |
| Relaxed blood vessels ____ resistance. | Decrease |
| Circulatory shock | When not enough fluid is in heart, so it fails to pump |
| Laminar flow | In blood, different flow rate within vessel. Is smooth and soundless. |
| Turbulent flow | Non-layered and more disorganized flow. Produces more resistance than laminar flow--flow runs into something and is displaced |
| Flow is proportional to vessel radius to the _____ power. | Fourth |
| Cardiovascular center | In medulla, with 2 autonomic nuclei. Controls b.p. |
| Cardiac center | Influences b.p. by influencing CO. Is in medulla and part of cardiovascular center. |
| Vasomotor center | Part of cardiovascular center that influences b.p. by influencing vessel diameter |
| Cardio-acceleratory center | Sympathetic part of cardiac center. Activity increases HR and force of contraction. |
| Cardio-inhibitory center | Parasympathetic part of cardiac center. Activity decreases HR and force of contraction. |
| Renin-angiotension system (RAAS) | Liver makes inactive angiotensinogen protein and releases into blood. Kidneys create renin in response to b.p. or sympth activity. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which an angiotensin-converting enzyme makes into angiotensin II-> inc. bp |
| Renin | Made in kidneys, binds to angiotensinogen to make angiotensin I |
| Angiotensinogen | Protein made by liver and released into blood. Binds with renin to make angiotensin I. |
| Angiotensin I | Made from angiotensinogen and renin, is converted to angiotensin II |
| Angiotensin II | Made by angiotensin-converting enzyme converting angiotensin I. Raises b.p. and is powerful vasoconstrictor. |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme | Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. |
| Aldosterone | Hormone that helps maintain blood volume and pressure |
| Antidiuretic hormone | Helps maintain or elevate blood pressure |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | Hormone that decreases blood pressure |
| Increasing _____, ______, or ______ will raise b.p. | CO, resistance, blood volume |
| Sphygonomanometer | Cuff w/ stethoscope. Tool used to indirectly measure blood pressure |
| Blood flow goes to areas that ______ at any given time. | Need it most |
| Hypertension | Chronically elevated blood pressure |
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