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Physiology Ch. 18
Blood
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Arteries | Transport blood away from heart |
| Veins | Transport blood toward heart |
| Capillaries | Allows gas exchange between blood and body tissues |
| Formed elements | 45% of cells in blood. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells that transport respiratory gases using hemoglobin. CO2 and O2 transport, has enzymes but no nucleus or organelles |
| Leukocytes | Part of the buffy coat, white blood cells. Are usually in tissues and not blood. Has nucleus and organelles but NO hemoglobin |
| Platelets | Part of buffy coat, hekp form clots to prevent blood loss |
| Plasma | An ECF, 55% of blood that is fluid. |
| Plasma is a ____. | ECF |
| Functions of blood: | Regulation of body conditions (temp, pH, fluid balance) |
| There is about _______ of blood in an adult. | 5 liters |
| About _____ of blood is in the heart. | 12% |
| Oxygen rich blood is ______, deoxygenated blood is ______. | Bright red, dark red |
| Viscosity of blood | 4-5x thicker than water |
| Blood is _____ ____ than measured body temperature. | 1 degree C higher |
| Blood pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| Whole blood | Plasma plus formed elements. Is separated into parts by centrifuge. |
| Buffy coat | Leukocytes and platelets |
| Hematocrit | % of erythrocytes |
| Blood smear | Thin layer of blood placed on microscope slide and stained |
| Blood is a _____, with many proteins, | Colloid |
| Most proteins are _____. | Produced in the liver |
| Colloid osmotic pressure | Exerted by plasma proteins to prevent loss of fluid as it moves through capillaries |
| Albumins | Smallest and most abundant group of blood proteins. Increases colloid osmotic pressure and acts as transport proteins |
| Globulins | Blood protein formed in liver and lymphoid tissue. Can be alpha, beta, or gamma |
| Alpha-globulins | Smaller globulins |
| Beta-globulins | Larger globulins |
| Gamma-globulins | Immunoglobulins/antibodies |
| Fibrinogen | Blood protein contributes to blood clotting |
| Serum | Plasma with clotting proteins removed |
| Regulatory proteins | Includes enzymes and hormones |
| Nonpolar molecules _____ carrier proteins. | Require |
| Hemopoiesis | Formation and maturation of formed elements which continues throughout lifetime. Occurs in red bone marrow |
| Hemocytoblasts | Stem cells, go to either myeloid or lymphoid line |
| Myeloid line | Forms erythrocytes, all leukocytes except lymphocytes and megakaryocytes |
| Lymphoid line | Forms lymphocytes |
| Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) | Stimulate hemopoiesis |
| Erythrocytes have _____, the ability to change shape to allow passage through capillary beds. | Reversable deformity |
| Rouleau | When erythrocytes stack and line up in single file |
| Erythropoiesis | Red blood cell production, requires iron, B vitamins, and amino acids |
| Erythropoiesis steps: | 1. Myeloid stem cells 2. Proerythroblast (large nucleated) 3. Erythroblast (smaller, makes hemoglobin) 4. Normoblast (smaller, more hemo, no nucleus) 5. Reticulocyte (No organelles expt ribosomes) 6. Erythrocytes |
| Normal reticulocyte count is _____ of total red blood cell count. | About 1% |
| Leukopoiesis | Production of leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes) |
| Leukopoiesis stages granulocytes: | Progenitor cell -> myeloblast -> granulocytes |
| Leukopoiesis stages monocytes: | Progenitor cell -> monoblast -> promonocyte -> monocytes |
| Leukopoiesis stages lymphocytes: | Lymphoid stem cell -> either B-lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, or NK cells |
| Thrombopoiesis | Platelet production |
| Megakaryoblast | Produced from myeloid stem cell, forms megakaryocyte under influence of thrombopoietin |
| Megakaryocyte | Produces thousands of platelets. Made from thrombopoiesis |
| Hemoglobin | Red-pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transport O2 and CO2. Has 4 globulins (2 alpha and 2 beta), each having a heme group with an iron ion at center. |
| O2 binds to the ____ in hemoglobin. | Iron ion |
| CO2 binds to the _____ in hemoglobin. | Globulin protein |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | Hormone produced mainly in KIDNEYS. Controls/stimulates erythropoiesis by stimulating stem cells to mature. |
| ______ myeloid cells respond to ________ by making more erythrocytes. | Red bone marrow, erythropoietin |
| Vitamins required for erythropoiesis: | Folic acid and vitamin B12 |
| Folic acid | Required to synthesize thymine, necessary for erythropoiesis |
| Vitamin B12 | Necessary for DNA replication, absorption required intrinsic factor. Necessary also for erythropoiesis |
| What happens to iron when red blood cells are destroyed? | Iron is removed from hemoglobin and recycled by body. Transferred to live by transferrin protein and bound by storage proteins ferritin and hemosiderin. |
| Storage proteins in liver for iron: | Ferritin and hemosiderin |
| What happens to the heme group when red blood cells are destroyed? | Heme group (w/o iron) is converted in macrophages into biliverdin, then bilirubin which is transported to liver by albumin, to bile. In small intestine, it converts to urobilinogen, then stercobilin or urobilin. |
| Biliverdin | Green pigment made by macrophages from heme group |
| Bilirubin | Yellow pigment made by biliverdin that is transported to liver by albumin to make bile |
| Urobilinogen | Heme group in small intestine is converted to this. |
| Stercobilin | Converted from urobilinogen in small intestine using bacteria and expelled in feces |
| Urobilin | Converted from urobilinogen in small intestine using bacteria and expelled in urine. |
| Transferrin protein | Transfer protein that moves iron from hemoglobin to the liver |
| Anemia | % erythrocytes is lower or O2 capacity in less. |
| Aplastic anemia | Defective red bone marrow because of poison, toxin, or radiation |
| Congenital hemolytic anemia | Genetic defect where RBC are destroyed |
| Erythroblastic anemia | Large number of immature cells due to abnormal accelerated cell naturation |
| Hemorrhagic anemia | Due to blood loss |
| Pernicious anemia | Failure to absorb vitamin B12 because lack of intrinsic factor |
| Sickle-cell anemia | Genetic defect causing abnormal hemoglobin |
| Antigens are in ______. | Erythrocytes |
| Antibodies are in ______. | Plasma |
| What is the universal recipient blood type? | Type AB+, because no antibodies |
| What is the universal donor blood type? | Type O-, because it has no antigens to cause agglutination |
| Type A blood type: | Surface antigen A, anti-B antibodies |
| Type B blood type: | Surface antigen B, anti-A antibodies |
| Type AB blood type: | Surface antigens A and B, neither anti-A or B antibodies |
| Type O blood type | Neither surface antigen A or B, bother anti-A and B antibodies |
| Rh factor + | Surface antigen D, no anti-D antibodies |
| Rh factor - | No surface antigen D, no anti-D antibodies unless exposed to + blood. |
| Agglutination | Occurs if someone receives incompatible transfusion. Recipients antibodies bind to transfused RBC and clump together, possibly causing hemolysis |
| Hemolysis | Rupture of RBC, can be due to agglutination |
| Hemolytic disease of newborn | When - Rh mother with + baby. She is exposed during childbirth, so future babies may have issues. |
| Diapedesis | Process of leukocytes squeezing through blood vessel wall |
| Chemotaxis | Attraction of leukocytes to chemicals at infection site |
| Hranulocytes | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| Agranolocytes | Lymphocytes and monocytes |
| Neutrophils (PMNs) | Most numerous leukocyte that phagocytizes infectious pathogens and exist about 10 hours after release. |
| Eosinophils | Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes or allergens. Also active in cases of parasitic worm infections |
| Basophils | Sluggish, slow-moving granulocyte. Is anticoagulant and vasodilator |
| Lymphocytes | Smallest of white blood cells |
| T-lymphocytes | Manage immune response |
| B-lymphocytes | Become plasma cells and produce antibodies |
| NK cells | Attack abnormal and infected tissue cells |
| Monocytes | Largest normal blood cell. Once at site of inflammation it becomes a macrophage |
| CBC | Complete blood count, measures all cells in blood and parameters like number, size, etc. |
| Leukopenia | Reduced number of leukocytes. Autoimmune diseases, chemotherapy, lack of vitamins/minerals, HIV. |
| Leukocytosis | Elevated leukocyte count. Body is fighting infection |
| Differential count | Measures amount of each type of leukocyte and whether they are mature |
| Neutrophilia | Increased number of neutrophils. There is a bacterial infection that the body is fighting. |
| Neutropenia | Lowered number of neutrophils. Maybe due to chemotherapy, autoimmune disease, or lack of vitamins/minerals like vitamin B12 |
| Hemostasis (and steps) | Physiological mechanisms taht stop bleeding. 1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet contraction 3. Coagulation |
| Coagulation | Last step of hemostasis, is a + feedback loop. Where fibrinogen becomes fibrin mesh that traps molecules to form blood clot |
| Platelet contraction | Second step of hemostasis. Adhesion of platelets to collagen, release rxn, agglutination of platelets. Platelet plug forms from fibrinogen connecting platelets together. |
| Vascular spasm | First step of hemostasis. Vasoconstriction occurs. |
| Clotting requires: | Calcium, clotting factors (mostly produced in liver), platelets, and vitamin K |
| Coagulation cascade options: | Intrinsic pathway (slow)- 5 steps completed in minutes. Extrinsic pathway (fast, primary)- 2 steps in second. |
| Common coagulation pathway: | Activated by extrinsic/intrinsic cascade. 1. Factor C combines with Ca2+ and some platelet factos to form prothrombin activator. 2. Prothrombin activator activates prothrombin to thrombin. 3. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to soluble fibrin. |
| During clot resolution, fibrin strands ______ to bring edges of wound closer together. | Shorten |
| Clot retraction | Actinomyosin (protein in platelets) contacts and squeezes serum out of developing clot to make clot smaller. |
| Fibrinolysis | Degradation of fibrin strands by plasmin (splits fibrin) |
| Normal bleeding time: | 2-9.5 minutes, average being 6 minutes. |
| Aspirin | Impairs platelet aggregation |
| Vitamin K | Important for liver production of clotting factors |
| Ca2+ is required for the _____ of most steps in blood clotting. | Acceleration |
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