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Psych Ex 2 Ch 7
Conditioning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | Process of acquiring through new experience and relatively enduring info and behaviors |
| Behaviorism was formulated by? | John B Watson |
| Behaviorism | -Behaviors are learned from the environment -Inate and inherited factors have little influence on behavior |
| Classical conditioning | -Type of learning in which we link 2 or more stimuli -The first stimulus comes to elicit behavior in anticipation of second stimulus |
| Who thought of classical conditioning? | Ivan Pavlov |
| How was classical conditioning tested? | By feeding dog |
| Neutral Stimuli (NS) | Stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) | Stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers an unconditional response |
| Unconditioned response | Unlearned and naturally occuring response to us |
| Conditioned response (CR) | Learned response to previously neutral stimulus |
| Conditioned stimulus | Neutral stimulus associated with US comes to trigger cr |
| Acquistion | -Initial stage -When one links a neutral stimulus and an US so that the NS begins triggering CR |
| Extinction | Diminishing of CR // when an US does not follow a CS |
| Spontaneous recovery | Reappearance after a pause of a weakened CR |
| Generalization | Stimulus generalization // tendency after CR for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar response |
| Discrimination | Learned ability to distinguish between CS and similar stimuli that don't signal US |
| Clinical applications of classical conditioning | Exposure therapy, dog and food, boy and rat, systematic desensitization |
| Systematic desentization | Treats phobias (fear hierarchy, reciprocal inhibition) |
| Operant conditioning | Type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recover if followed by a reinforcer |
| Who started operant conditioning? | B.F. Skinner |
| Law of effect | Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| Who came up with law of effect? | Thorndike's principal |
| Reinforcement | Any event that strengthens the behavior it followed |
| Positive rein. | Incr in behaviors by presenting pos. rein. |
| Negative reinforcement | Incr in behaviors by stopping/reducing neg stimuli |
| Stimulus in negative reinforcement | Stim is removed after response and response strengthens |
| Stimulus in positive reinforcement | Stim is presented after response and and response strengthens |
| Shaping | Reinforces guide behavior toward closer approximations of desired behaviors |
| Punishment | Event that tends to decrease the behavior that it followed |
| Negative punishment | Administer an aversive stimulus |
| Pos punishment | Withdraw a rewarding stimulus |
| Reinforcement schedules | Pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced |
| Continuous reinforcement | Reinforcing desired response everytime it occurs |
| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedules | Reinforcing response part of the time, results in slow acquisition but inc resistance to extinction |
| Fixed ratio | Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| Response rate: fixed ratio | high response rate with pauses after reinforcement |
| Variable ratio | Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| Response rate: variable ratio | high/steady response rate |
| Fixed interval | Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| Response rate: fixed interval | Moderate response rate with sig pauses after rein |
| Variable interval | Reinforces a response rate at unpredictable time intervals |
| Response rate: variable interval | Moderate and steady response rate |
| Application of operant conditioning | School, sports, computer programs, work, parenting -Behavior modification -Token behavior |
| Behavior modification | Applicant of operant conditioning technique to modify behavior - treats: adhd, ocd, and phobias |
| Token behavior | When patients did good, they got a token to spend (emphases pos rein) |
| Social Learning Theory | Observation/modeling play a primary role in how or why ppl learn |
| Who came up with social learning theory | Albert Bandura // exceeds watson/skinner |
| Observational learning | Higher animals (humans) learn without direct experience by watching others |
| Modeling | Process of observing/imitating a specific behavior (vicarious rein and punishment) |
Created by:
MikalahQuillen
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