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Schools of WestPhilo
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Idealized freedom from emotions | Stoicism |
Founded by Zeno of Citium | Stoicism |
Taught at the "painted porch" in Athens | Zeno of Citium |
"Pneuma" was the "breath of life", the life force that structures matter and the soul | Stoicism |
Epictetus | Stoicism |
Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius | Stoicism |
Encourage rejection of truths unless they are supported by sufficient evidence | Skepticism |
No truths can be certain | Academic Skepticism |
Led by Arcesilaus and Carneades | Academic Skepticism |
Founded by Pyrrho of Elis | Skepticism |
Form called "Pyrrhonian" | Skepticism |
Sextus Empiricus provided one of the most complete accounts in Outlines of Pyrrhonism | Skepticism |
Taught at medieval Christian universities | Scholasticism |
Sought to reconcile Christian thought with classical thinkers such as Aristotle | Scholasticism |
Provided five arguments for the existence of God called "quinque viae" in Summa Theologica | Thomas Aquinas |
Wrote Sic et Non | Pierre Abelard |
Pierre Abelard | Scholasticism |
The Four Books of Sentences | Peter Lombard |
Peter Lombard | Scholasticism |
All knowledge derives from sensory experience | Empiricism |
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding | John Locke |
Thought the mind started as a tabula rasa(blank slate) and gain knowledge from experiences | John Locke |
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge | George Berkeley |
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding | David Hume |
Contrasted with Empiricism | Rationalism |
John Locke | Empiricism |
David Hume | Empiricism |
George Berkeley | Empiricism |
Thomas Aquinas | Scholasticism |
Gain knowledge through intuition | Rationalism |
Supported by Plato in his Theory of Forms, which states that abstract ideas (“forms”) are more real than the material world of the senses. | Rationalism |
Meditations on First Philosophy | René Descartes |
René Descartes | Rationalism |
Ethics | Baruch Spinoza |
Baruch Spinoza | Rationalism |
Encourages use of scientific method to discover the laws that govern society | Positivism |
Auguste Comte | Positivism |
Believed that society develops through three stages | Auguste Comte |
Theocratic, metaphysical, and positive stages | Auguste Comte |
Holds that the only meaningful statements are those that are logically verifiable | Logical positivism |
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus | Ludwig Wittgenstein |
Ludwig Wittgenstein | Logical positivism |
Values ideas based on their practical application("cash value" of an idea) | Pragmatism |
Pragmatism(work) | William James |
William James | Pragmatism |
Democracy and Education | John Dewey |
John Dewey | Pragmatism |
Founder of Pragmatism | C. S. Peirce |
The Fixation of Belief | C. S. Peirce |
How to Make Our Ideas Clear | C. S. Peirce |
Advocates the maximization of "utility"(pleasure or happiness) | Utilitarianism |
Asserted that it is the “greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong.” | Jeremy Bentham |
Jeremy Bentham | Utilitarianism |
Utilitarianism(work) | John Stuart Mill |
On Liberty | John Stuart Mill |
John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism |
Focused on the importance of leading an "authentic" life | Existentialism |
"Existentialism is a humanism." | Jean-Paul Sartre |
Jean-Paul Sartre | Existentialism |
Either/Or | Søren Kierkegaard |
Søren Kierkegaard | Existentialism |
Being and Time | Martin Heidegger |
Martin Heidegger | Existentialism |
The Myth of Sisyphus | Albert Camus |
Albert Camus | Existentialism |
Slave whose views were recorded by his student Arrian in the Discourses | Epictetus |