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Schools of WestPhilo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Idealized freedom from emotions | Stoicism |
| Founded by Zeno of Citium | Stoicism |
| Taught at the "painted porch" in Athens | Zeno of Citium |
| "Pneuma" was the "breath of life", the life force that structures matter and the soul | Stoicism |
| Epictetus | Stoicism |
| Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius | Stoicism |
| Encourage rejection of truths unless they are supported by sufficient evidence | Skepticism |
| No truths can be certain | Academic Skepticism |
| Led by Arcesilaus and Carneades | Academic Skepticism |
| Founded by Pyrrho of Elis | Skepticism |
| Form called "Pyrrhonian" | Skepticism |
| Sextus Empiricus provided one of the most complete accounts in Outlines of Pyrrhonism | Skepticism |
| Taught at medieval Christian universities | Scholasticism |
| Sought to reconcile Christian thought with classical thinkers such as Aristotle | Scholasticism |
| Provided five arguments for the existence of God called "quinque viae" in Summa Theologica | Thomas Aquinas |
| Wrote Sic et Non | Pierre Abelard |
| Pierre Abelard | Scholasticism |
| The Four Books of Sentences | Peter Lombard |
| Peter Lombard | Scholasticism |
| All knowledge derives from sensory experience | Empiricism |
| An Essay Concerning Human Understanding | John Locke |
| Thought the mind started as a tabula rasa(blank slate) and gain knowledge from experiences | John Locke |
| A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge | George Berkeley |
| An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding | David Hume |
| Contrasted with Empiricism | Rationalism |
| John Locke | Empiricism |
| David Hume | Empiricism |
| George Berkeley | Empiricism |
| Thomas Aquinas | Scholasticism |
| Gain knowledge through intuition | Rationalism |
| Supported by Plato in his Theory of Forms, which states that abstract ideas (“forms”) are more real than the material world of the senses. | Rationalism |
| Meditations on First Philosophy | René Descartes |
| René Descartes | Rationalism |
| Ethics | Baruch Spinoza |
| Baruch Spinoza | Rationalism |
| Encourages use of scientific method to discover the laws that govern society | Positivism |
| Auguste Comte | Positivism |
| Believed that society develops through three stages | Auguste Comte |
| Theocratic, metaphysical, and positive stages | Auguste Comte |
| Holds that the only meaningful statements are those that are logically verifiable | Logical positivism |
| Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus | Ludwig Wittgenstein |
| Ludwig Wittgenstein | Logical positivism |
| Values ideas based on their practical application("cash value" of an idea) | Pragmatism |
| Pragmatism(work) | William James |
| William James | Pragmatism |
| Democracy and Education | John Dewey |
| John Dewey | Pragmatism |
| Founder of Pragmatism | C. S. Peirce |
| The Fixation of Belief | C. S. Peirce |
| How to Make Our Ideas Clear | C. S. Peirce |
| Advocates the maximization of "utility"(pleasure or happiness) | Utilitarianism |
| Asserted that it is the “greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong.” | Jeremy Bentham |
| Jeremy Bentham | Utilitarianism |
| Utilitarianism(work) | John Stuart Mill |
| On Liberty | John Stuart Mill |
| John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism |
| Focused on the importance of leading an "authentic" life | Existentialism |
| "Existentialism is a humanism." | Jean-Paul Sartre |
| Jean-Paul Sartre | Existentialism |
| Either/Or | Søren Kierkegaard |
| Søren Kierkegaard | Existentialism |
| Being and Time | Martin Heidegger |
| Martin Heidegger | Existentialism |
| The Myth of Sisyphus | Albert Camus |
| Albert Camus | Existentialism |
| Slave whose views were recorded by his student Arrian in the Discourses | Epictetus |
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