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Ancient Philosophers
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proclaiming own ignorance of all things | Socrates |
| Went around Athens with question-answer sessions to search for truths or draw out contradictions | Socrates |
| Put on trial for corrupting Athens' youth and drank hemlock | Socrates |
| Described in Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo | Socrates |
| Socratic Dialogues | Plato |
| The Republic(Justice and the ideal city-state) | Plato |
| the Symposium(about the nature of love) | Plato |
| Meno(about whether virtue can be taught) | Plato |
| Believed in a world of forms(ideal versions of real things that lie beyond the human senses and discussed in Phaedo) | Plato |
| Student of Plato | Aristotle |
| Gave lectures at his school, the Lyceum | Aristotle |
| Nicomachean Ethics argues that virtues consist in a "golden mean" between two extremes | Aristotle |
| Physics describes motion and change of terms of "four causes" that make a thing what it is | Aristotle |
| Metaphysics describes the structure of reality | Aristotle |
| Poetics discusses types of drama and considers an effect of tragedies called catharsis or the purging of bad feelings | Aristotle |
| From the Spring and Autumn Period | Confucius |
| Views on proper conduct and filial piety still have influence | Confucius |
| Sayings attributed to him are collected in the Analects | Confucius |
| Put a lot of importance of ren, the inner state that allows one to behave compassionately towards others | Confucius |
| Concept called li, which can help one attain ren | Confucius |
| Quasi-mythical thinker of the Taoist tradition | Lao Tzu |
| Tao te Ching | Lao Tzu |
| Tao(the way) | Lao Tzu |
| Wu wei(a life of non-action in accordance with the Tao) | Lao Tzu |
| Accorded godlike status as one of the Three Pure Ones of Taoism | Lao Tzu |
| Frequently depicted as an old man with a donkey | Lao Tzu |
| “The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step” | Lao Tzu |
| Student of Antisthenes | Diogenes of Sinope |
| Founded school of philosophy called Cynicism which means dog-like which likely came from critics | Antisthenes |
| Lived in a tub or barrel on the street | Diogenes of Sinope |
| Walked around Athens holding a lamp in a futile search to find an honest man | Diogenes of Sinope |
| Believed that pleasure was the highest good and the absence of pleasure, aponia, was the highest pleasure | Epicurus |
| Believed human happiness consisted of a kind of tranquility called ataraxia | Epicurus |
| Critics accused him of promoting hedonism and making selfishness good | Epicurus |
| Founded school of Epicureanism | Epicurus |
| Student of Parmenides | Zeno of Elea |
| Founded the Eleatic School | Parmenides |
| Paradoxes | Zeno of Elea |
| Arrow in flight | Zeno of Elea |
| A race between Achilles and a tortoise | Zeno of Elea |
| Founded Stoicism | Zeno of Citium |
| First philosopher | Thales of Miletus |
| Believed the first principle of existence was water | Thales of Miletus |
| Discovered that if a circle goes through all three vertices of a triangle and one side of the triangle is a diameter of the circle, then the triangle is a right triangle. | Thales of Miletus |
| Civil engineer and mathematician | Thales of Miletus |
| Founded the Milesian School | Thales of Miletus |
| Political role in the Roman Republic | Cicero |
| Described ideal state in On the Republic and On the Laws | Cicero |
| Discussed Epicurean and Stoic views on religion in On the Nature of the Gods | Cicero |
| Saint Augustine asserted that he turned to philosophy as a result of reading a lost work known as the Hortensius | Cicero |
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