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Pathophys Week 1-3
Pathophysiology Week 1-3 Quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: | Dehydration Dehydration leads to hypernatremia because an increase in sodium occurs with a net loss in water. Vomiting and diuretic use leads to hyponatremia. Hypoaldosteronism leads to hyponatremia. |
| Which finding would support the diagnosis of respiratory acidosis? | Pneumonia Respiratory acidosis occurs with hypoventilation, and pneumonia leads to hypoventilation. |
| A 25-year-old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. Which finding would the nurse expect to see in the lab results? | Decreased blood K+ levels Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal cortex. It promotes renal sodium and water reabsorption and excretion of potassium, leading to decreased potassium levels. |
| Which patient should the nurse assess for both hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? A patient diagnosed with: | Renal Failure Renal failure is associated with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis. |
| While planning care for elderly individuals, the nurse remembers the elderly are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have: | Decreased Muscle Mass The elderly are at higher risk for dehydration due to a decrease in muscle mass. The elderly have a decrease in total body water and thirst. The increased tendency to develop edema is not related to dehydration. |
| Which statement by the staff indicates teaching was successful concerning aldosterone? Secretion of aldosterone results in: | Increased Blood Volume Aldosterone promotes renal sodium and water reabsorption and excretion of potassium, thus increasing blood volume. |
| A nurse recalls that regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is accomplished by the: | Lungs The volatile acid is carbonic acid (H2CO3), which readily dissociates into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The CO2 is then eliminated by the lungs. |
| When the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus, what type of immune reaction occurs? | Alloimmune Alloimmunity can be observed during immunologic reactions against transfusions, transplanted tissue, or the fetus during pregnancy. |
| When a nurse cares for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the nurse remembers this disease is an example of: | Autoimmunity SLE is the most common, complex, and serious of the autoimmune disorders. SLE is not identified as alloimmune, homoimmune, or alleimmune. |
| A 15-year-old male suffers from severe hemorrhage following a MVA. He is given a blood transfusion, but shortly afterward the red blood cells are destroyed by agglutination and lysis. Which of blood type transfusion type matches would cause this? | A-AB |
| A person is given an attenuated antigen as a vaccine. When the person asks what was given in the vaccine, how should the nurse respond? The antigen is: | Alive, but less infectious. Attenuated vaccines are alive, but less infectious. Attenuated vaccines are not mutated or highly infectious. Inactive infers the virus is killed. |
| When a patient asks the nurse what hypersensitivity is, how should the nurse respond? Hypersensitivity is best defined as: | An excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen. Hypersensitivity is an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the individual. |
| A 22 year old was recently diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Which decreased lab finding would be expected to accompany this virus? | CD4+ T-helper The major immunologic finding in AIDS is the striking decrease in the number of CD4+ T-helper cells. The change occurs in CD4 cells, not CD8. Neither CDC nor CDC 10 is a type of cell. |
| A nurse recalls that an example of an immune-complex-mediated disease is: | Serum Sickness Immune-complex disease can be a systemic reaction, such as serum sickness, and related to type III reactions. |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS? | HIV is a retrovirus. AIDS is an acquired dysfunction of the immune system caused by a retrovirus (HIV) that infects and destroys CD4+ lymphocytes (T-helper cells). |
| An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? | Expressivity Expressivity is the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a particular genotype. |
| To express a polygenic trait: | Several genes must act together. Polygenic traits are those that result from several genes acting together. |
| What is the diagnosis of a 13 y/o female who has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, and a reduced carrying angle at the elbow. | Turner Syndrome Turner syndrome is characterized by short stature, female genitalia, webbed neck, shield-like chest with underdeveloped breasts and widely spaced nipples, and imperfectly developed ovaries. |
| What is the result of homologous chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis? | Nondisjunction Nondisjunction is an error in which homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate normally during meiosis or mitosis |
| Cystic fibrosis is caused by what gene abnormality? | Autosomal Recessive |
| Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis? | Frameshift mutations The frameshift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs of the DNA molecule. This greatly alters the amino acid sequence, which affects protein synthesis. |
| The gradual increase in height among the human population over the past 100 years is an example of: a polygenic trait. | A Multifactorial Trait |
| A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Biopsy of the tumor reveals Russell bodies, and laboratory testing reveals kidney dysfunction. Which substance should the nurse monitor as it is accumulating in the patient’s body? | Protein Russell bodies occur due to excess aggregates of protein. |
| During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this is referred to as what type of atrophy? | Physiologic A normal decrease in cell size is physiologic atrophy. |
| Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: | Decreased ATP Production A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium–potassium (Na+-K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail. |
| A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for? | Subdural Hematoma A subdural hematoma occurs when blood is between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain; it can result from blows, falls, or sudden acceleration/deceleration of the head. |
| A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician identified endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes would be referred to as: | Pathologic Hyperplasia Because the changes are due to an imbalance, they would be considered pathologic hyperplasia, a term more descriptive than simple hyperplasia. |
| A 55 y/o male with a 30yr history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaptation is called: | Metaplasia Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes a less differentiated cell type. |
| After ingestion of lead, what organ systems should the nurse monitor because they are the most sensitive to the effects of lead? (Select all that apply.) | Kidneys, Brain, Hematopoietic The organ systems primarily affected by lead ingestion include the nervous system (brain), the hematopoietic system (tissues that produce blood cells), and the kidneys. |
| A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular: | Calcium |
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