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Immunology
Exam #1 Flashcards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acute phase proteins | activate complement, infection, inflammation, coagulation, made in liver: CRP, C3, serum amyloid A |
| c-reactive protein | acute inflammation, activates complement, acts as opsonin |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate | test for inflammation by measuring blood settlement rates |
| complement | liver, C1-C9, inactive until cleaved: "a" part protein causes inflammation, "b" part is active |
| C3b | opsonin, tight binding, key for MAC |
| effects of complement activation | lysis on lysis, cell swelling to burst, C3b production, |
| membrane attack complex | final product of complement; protein set making pore in cell causing swelling and cell death. all pathways. C5b678 + many C9s |
| complement fixation | binding of complement to microorganisms |
| C5a | vasodilation, chemotaxis, permeability, anaphylaxis |
| one effect of complement | enhanced antibody response from binding of complement causing cytokine release |
| bad part of complement | can't see self vs. non-self = necrosis, autoimmunity, hypersensitivity |
| complement control | rapid decay, inactivation by binding C3b, stop MAC forming, prevent C9 recruitment |
| classical pathway of complement | Ab-Ag binding causes Fc opening for C1. 2 IgG needed or 1IgM needed, calcium |
| activation of classical complement | C1 cleaves C4, C4b binds to MO. C1 cleaves C2, forms C4b2a(C3 convertase) which cleaves C3b |
| CxAs versus CxBs | a: smaller, for inflammation, inactive. bigger only in C2 b: larger, for opsonization, active. smaller only in C2 |
| activation of classical complement pt.2 | C3 cleaved, forms C4b2a3b(C5 convertase) to form the MAC |
| alternative pathway | easily activated first, started by antibodies or just right on MO, uses properdin. C3 convertase used is C3bBb and C5 convertase is C3bBB3b(B=Factor B) magnesium. dimeric IgA |
| Different Factors used in alternative pathway | P: protein stabilizes C3 convertase to prevent degradation |
| initiation of alternative pathway of complement | spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 = C3H20 + Factor B allows for cleaving of factor B by Factor D. C3bBb stabilized by Factor P, producing more C3b or forming a C5 convertase (C3bBb3b) to lead to MAC formation |
| lectin pathways | lectins are proteins that bind to carbohydrates. lectin reacts with 2 proteases to form the C1 complex used in the classical pathway |
| Antibody:Antigen | Paratope:Epitope. valence = number of epitopes |
| factors of immunogens | foreign, degradable, complex. synthetic polymers are bad immunogens, making them good for transplants |
| what makes antibodies? | B cells make IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE |
| structure of an antibody | top half: Fab. bottom half: Fc top corners: light chains bottom corners: heavy chains bottom 3/4: constant region top 1/4: variable region |
| multivalent antigen vs bivalent antibody | Ag carries two or more different epitopes. Ab has two binding sites for Ag |
| iso, allo, idio | 1. main classes of antibodies, determined by heavy chains |
| plasma cell | mature b cell acting as an antibody factory |
| IgG | most abundant 2 molecules needed to activate classical complement cross placenta best for anamnestic response. neutralizes pathogens, acts as opsonins. production stimulated by IgG 4 subclasses |
| IgM | 10%. FIRST PRODUCED!! only pentamer! J chain, most valence with 10 binding sites. monomer on B cells, pentamer in bloodstream. hard to passively leave blood. good agglutination, activates complement |
| IgA | monomeric and dimeric. predominant secretory antibody. has secretory component on dimeric form 2 subclasses |
| IgD | B cell receptor on surface of B lymphocytes. not much known |
| IgE | trace amounts, bound only to cells. potent activator of allergic reactions |
| affinity | strength of a single Ab-Ag interaction. IgG has more bc is more specific |
| avidity | accumulated strength of bindings. IgM has more avidity bc more binding sites |
| primary lymphoid tissues | bone marrow(b cells) thymus(t cells) |
| secondary lymphoid tissues | spleen, lymph nodes, MALT, GALT |
| germinal center | site of expansion and cloning a B cell after activation within the lymph node |
| spleen | giant lymph node. site of B cell maturation. filters blood and dead BCs, removes pathogens from the bloodstream. made of red pulp |
| MALt | unencapsulated lymph node scattered in salivary glands, lungs, gut |
| GALT | tonsils, adenoids, Peyer's patches( M Cells) |
| M cells | in Peyer's patches of GALT: delivers pathogens into lymphoid tissue to elicit a response |
| MHC Class 1 | on all nucleated cells. bind to antigens made within the cell. present the antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. |
| dendritic cells | most effective APC due to high levels of MHC Class I & II |
Created by:
mmetzler1
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