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Physiology Ch. 13
Brain
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| CNS | Brain and spinal cord |
| PNS | Nerves and ganglia |
| Neurons are: | Excitable, have high metabolic rate (will die in minutes without O2 and glucose) |
| Neurons use _____ for energy. | Glucose |
| Nerve | Bundle of parallel axons in PNS. Vascularized |
| Epineurium | Outside/around nerve |
| Perineurium | Around fascicles in nerve |
| Endoneurium | Around axons |
| Multipolar | Type of neuron with short dendrites branching off soma and long axon (normal type you think of) |
| Bipolar | Soma in middle, with single dendrite branching off one side and axon off the other. |
| Unipolar | Axon only connected in one place, which splits off to become dendrites and axon |
| Purkinje cell | In cerebellum, is a soma with large block of dense extensions. |
| Pyramidal cell | Neuron with dendrites/axon looking like a pyramid. Found in cerebral cortex |
| Types of receptors (5): | Mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, nocioreceptors, thermoreceptors, and chemoreceptors |
| Neuroglia (glial cells) | Nonexcitable cells capable of mitosis for the support of neurons |
| Astrocytes | Part of BBB. Are most abundant glial cell and forms structural support. Star shaped, mopping up excess Ca2+ and NTs |
| Epidermal cells | Glial cells in ventricles of brain and spinal cord |
| Microglia | Phagocytotic glial cells to manage infection |
| Oligodendrocytes | Glial cells that form myelin sheaths |
| Satellite cells | Found in only PNS around cell bodies in ganglion, supporting and insulating them |
| Neurolemmocytes | In PNS only, sheath PNS in myelin sheath |
| The brain receives ______% of total cardiac output (blood flow). | 12-15 |
| 6 regions of the brain | Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| Cerebrum | Forebrain. Consciousness. Each hemisphere controls motor/sensory functions on contralateral side of body. |
| Cerebral cortex | Contains 75% of all neurons in nervous system, has pyramidal cells. In cerebrum |
| White matter | Myelinated materials. Corpus collosum |
| Gray matter | Cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons |
| Gyri | Crest of brain folds |
| Precentral gyrus | Contains motor functions |
| Postcentral gyrus | Contains sensory functions |
| Basal nuclei | Controls movement and posture |
| 5 lobes of cerebrum: | Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula |
| Parietal lobe | Sensory cortexes |
| Temporal lobe | Primary auditory cortex and association area |
| Occipital lobe | Vision |
| Insular lobe | Gustation and olfactory functions |
| Cerebellum | Part of brain responsible for smooth movement |
| Broca's area | L hemisphere. Motor control of speech, precentral gyrus |
| Wernicke's area | L hemisphere. Post central gyrus, sensory, about understanding of language (hearing and processing) |
| Cranial meninges | Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater |
| Dura mater | "Tough mother" |
| Arachnoid mater | "Spiderweb-like", has CSF |
| Pia mater | "Faithful mother", very vascularizes and adhered right to brain |
| 4 Ventricles of brain: | 2 lateral (cerebrum) flows to 3rd (diencephalon) flows to 4th |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | Formed in choroid plexus which is only in ventricles. For buoyancy, protection, and environmental stability. Has more Na+ and Cl- than K+, Ca2+, and glucose. |
| Arachnoid villus | Involved in circulating CSF |
| Blood-brain barrier | Regulates what substances enter brain area and fluid. Relies on capillaries and astrocytes to make tight junctions. Allows diffusion of hydrophobic molecules and small polar ones. |
| Motor cortex | Most fibers of these cross in lower medulla oblongata |
| ____ motor neurons in precentral gyrus communicate with _____ motor neurons in spinal cord and PNS. | Upper, lower |
| Association fibers | Fibers going from gyrus to gyrus and lobe to lobe |
| Projection fibers | Longer than association, in spinal cord |
| Commissural fibers | Go from L hemisphere to R |
| Diencephalon | Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
| Thalamus | Not motor, ONLY SENSORY. Focuses attention, called switchboard and decides on if/where to relay signals from all conscious senses except olfaction. |
| Hypothalamus | Most important control area for homeostatic regulation (body temp, thirst, emotion, sleep, food intake). Infundibulum extends from here to pituitary gland. |
| Brainstem | Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| Midbrain | Only place you make dopamine (at substantia nigra). Superior colliculi control eyes, inferior control ears. |
| Pons | Helps regulate rate and depth of breathing |
| Medulla oblongata | Continous with spinal cord inferiorly. Most tracts cross here |
| Corticospinal tracts | Descending fibers of medulla's pyramid tracts that carry motor signals |
| Decussation of pyramids | Where fibers cross in medulla oblongata |
| Cerebellum has more than _______ neurons | >0.5 million |
| Limbic system | In each hemisphere of cerebrum. In charge of emotions and memory connections |
| Reticular formation | Found throughout brainstem, affects alertness and consciousness. Eating, swallowing, etc. |
| There are ____ pairs of spinal nerves | 31 |
| Spinal nerves: __ cervical, __ thoracic, __ lumbar, ___ sacral, and __ coccygeal | 8, 12, 5, 5, 1 (Eat breakfast at 8, lunch at 12, dinner at 5) |
| Spinal reflex arc: | Sensory receptor -> afferent neuron (unipolar, PNS) -> interneuron (CNS) -> efferent neuron (LMN, in PNS) -> muscle |
| All spinal nerves are ____. | Mixed |
| Everything behind the central canal of the spinal cord is ____, while the front and lateral sides are ______. | Sensory, motor |
| Ventral | Anterior |
| Dorsal | Posterior |
| Afferent | Away from stimulus, towards brain |
| Efferent | Away from brain, causes effect |
| Spinal cord ends at ___ to become ______. | L1 or L2, cauda equana |
| The PNS has ___ pairs of crainal nerves and ___ pairs of spinal cord | 12, 31 |
| Gray commissure | Area in spinal cord where neurons will cross is they don't at medulla |
| Lateral horn | Area of gray commissure where ANS motor neuron cell bodies, ganglia, and unmyelinated stuff are. (Axons are in white area) |
| Motor neurons are found in the ____ horn of the gray commissure. | Anterior |
| Ascending tracts | Sensory pathways, also called spinal thalamic (Spine to thalamus) |
| Descending tracts | Motor pathways, also called cortical spinal (Cortex to spine) |
| Upper motor neurons (UMN) | Contained fully within CNS, doesn't leave brain or spinal cord and communicates with lower variety. |
| Lower motor neurons (LMN) | Directly influences muscles, located in gray matter of spinal cord and branching out. |
| Reflexes occur in the ____ ____. | Spinal cord |
| Withdrawal reflex | Ipsilateral, polysynaptic (slower than monosynaptic). Body part is snatches away from painful stimuli |
| Crossed-extensor reflex | Painful stimuli causes you to shift weight to opposite side (contralateral, crosses at gray commissure) |
| Autonomic nervous system | Unconscious; contains sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
| Sympathetic division | ANS, "fight or flight". Short preganglionic fiber, long post ganglionic fiber |
| Parasympathetic division | ANS, "rest and digest". Long preganglionic fiber and short post. Has ACh NT at both synapses. |
| Tone | Basal activity |
| Both parasympathetic and sympathtic divisions go from ___ to ___ and are considered _____. | CNS, PNS, motor |
| Sympathetic division has ________ origin. | Thoracolumbar (T1-L1, for pregang) |
| The lateral horn appears in between the ____ and ____ areas of the spinal cord. | T1, L1 |
| Parasympathetic division has _________ origin, using cranial nerve ____. | Cranialsacral, 10 (Vagus) |
| At the ganglion, the sympathetic division uses NT ____. At the targeted organ, it uses NT _____. | ACh, NE (norepinephrine) |
| The Vagus cranial nerve has _____% of preganglionic parasympathetic nerves in body. | 90 |
| The parasympathetic division of ANS uses NT ____ at ganglion. It uses NT ___ at target organ. | ACh, ACh. |
| Because there is no _____ division of ANS in extremities, NT ____ is used at both junctions. | Parasympathetic, ACh |
| Cholinergic transmissions/fibers/receptors | Release/accept ACh |
| Adrenergic transmissions/fibers/receptors | Release/accept NE (adrenaline) |
| ANS is controlled mainly by: | CNS; medulla, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex (emotional responses) |
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RunningMads
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